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Modernizing Legacy Applications in PHP
Table of Contents
Modernizing Legacy Applications in PHP
Credits
Foreword
About the Author
Acknowledgement
www.PacktPub.com
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Preface
1. Legacy Applications
The typical PHP application
File Structure
Page Scripts
Rewrite or Refactor?
The Pros and Cons of Rewriting
Why Don't Rewrites Work?
The Context-switching problem
The Knowledge problem
The Schedule Problem
Iterative Refactoring
Legacy Frameworks
Framework-based Legacy Applications
Refactoring to a Framework
Review and next steps
2. Prerequisites
Revision control
PHP version
Editor/IDE
Style Guide
Test suite
Review and next steps
3. Implement an Autoloader
PSR-0
A Single Location for Classes
Add Autoloader Code
As a Global Function
As a Closure
As a Static or Instance method
Using The __autoload() Function
Autoloader Priority
Common Questions
What If I Already Have An Autoloader?
What are the Performance Implications Of Autoloading?
How Do Class Names Map To File Names?
Review and next steps
4. Consolidate Classes and Functions
Consolidate Class Files
Find a candidate include
Move the class file
Remove the related include calls
Spot check the codebase
Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Consolidate functions into class files
Find a candidate include
Convert the function file to a class file
Change function calls to static method calls
Spot check the static method calls
Move the class file
Do ... While
Common Questions
Should we remove the autoloader include call?
How should we pick files for candidate include calls?
What if an include defines more than one class?
What if the one-class-per-file rule is disagreeable?
What if a Class or Function is defined inline?
What if a definition file also executes logic?
What if two classes have the same name?
What about third-party libraries?
What about system-wide libraries?
For functions, can we use instance methods instead of static methods?
Can we automate this process?
Review and next steps
5. Replace global With Dependency Injection
Global Dependencies
The replacement process
Find a global variable
Convert global variables to properties
Spot check the class
Convert global properties to constructor parameters
Convert instantiations to use parameters
Spot check, Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common Questions
What if we find a global in a static method?
Is there an alternative conversion process?
What about class names in variables?
What about superglobals?
What about $GLOBALS?
Review and next steps
6. Replace new with Dependency Injection
Embedded instantiation
The replacement process
Find a new keyword
Extract One-Time creation to dependency injection
Extract repeated creation to factory
Change instantiation calls
Spot Check, Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common Questions
What About Exceptions and SPL Classes?
What about Intermediary Dependencies?
Isn't this a lot of code?
Should a factory create collections?
Can we automate all these Injections?
Review and next steps
7. Write Tests
Fighting test resistance
The way of Testivus
Setting up a test suite
Install PHPUnit
Create a tests/ directory
Pick a class to test
Write a test case
Do ... While
Common Questions
Can we skip this step and do it later?
Come On, Really, Can We Do This Later?
What about hard-to-test classes?
What about our earlier characterization tests?
Should we test private and protected methods?
Can we change a test after we write it?
Do we need to test Third-party libraries?
What about code coverage?
Review and next steps
8. Extract SQL statements to Gateways
Embedded SQL Statements
The extraction process
Search for SQL statements
Move SQL to a Gateway class
Namespace and Class names
Method names
An initial Gateway class method
Defeating SQL Injection
Write a test
Replace the original code
Test, Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common Questions
What about INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE Statements?
What about Repetitive SQL strings?
What about complex query strings?
What about queries inside non-Gateway classes?
Can we extend from a base Gateway class?
What about multiple queries and complex result structures?
What if there is no Database Class?
Review and next steps
9. Extract Domain Logic to Transactions
Embedded Domain Logic
Domain logic patterns
The Extraction Process
Search for uses of Gateway
Discover and Extract Relevant Domain Logic
Example Extraction
Spot check the remaining original code
Write tests for the extracted transactions
Spot check again, Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common Questions
Are we talking about SQL transactions?
What about repeated Domain Logic?
Are printing and echoing part of Domain Logic?
Can a transaction be a class instead of a Method?
What about Domain Logic in Gateway classes?
What about Domain logic embedded in Non-Domain classes?
Review and next steps
10. Extract Presentation Logic to View Files
Embedded presentation logic
The Extraction process
Search for Embedded presentation logic
Rearrange the Page script and Spot Check
Extract Presentation to View file and Spot Check
Create a views/ Directory
Pick a View File name
Move Presentation Block to View file
Add Proper Escaping
Write View File Tests
The tests/views/ directory
Writing a View File Test
Asserting Correctness Of Content
Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common Questions
What about Headers and Cookies?
What if we already have a Template system?
What about Streaming Content?
What if we have lots of Presentation variables?
What about class methods that generate output?
What about Business Logic Mixed into the presentation?
What if a page contains only presentation logic?
Review and next steps
11. Extract Action Logic to Controllers
Embedded action logic
The Extraction Process
Search for Embedded Action Logic
Rearrange the Page Script and Spot Check
Identify Code Blocks
Move Code to Its Related Block
Spot Check the Rearranged Code
Extract a Controller Class
Pick a Class Name
Create a Skeleton Class File
Move the Action Logic and Spot Check
Convert Controller to Dependency Injection and Spot Check
Write a Controller Test
Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common Questions
Can we pass parameters to the Controller method?
Can a Controller have Multiple actions?
What If the Controller contains include Calls?
Review and next steps
12. Replace Includes in Classes
Embedded include Calls
The Replacement process
Search for include Calls
Replacing a Single include Call
Replacing Multiple include Calls
Copy include file to Class Method
Replace the original include Call
Discover coupled variables through testing
Replace other include Calls and Test
Delete the include file and test
Write a test and refactor
Convert to Dependency Injection and test
Commit, Push, Notify QA
Do ... While
Common QuestionsCan one class receive logic from many include files?
What about include calls originating in non-class files?
Review and next steps
13. Separate Public and Non-Public Resources
Intermingled resources
The separation process
Coordinate with operations personnel
Create a document root directory
Reconfigure the server
Move public resources
Commit, push, coordinate
Common Questions
Is This Really Necessary?
Review and next steps
14. Decouple URL Paths from File Paths
Coupled Paths
The Decoupling Process
Coordinate with Operations
Add a Front Controller
Create a pages/ Directory
Reconfigure the Server
Spot check
Move Page scripts
Commit, Push, Coordinate
Common Questions
Did we really Decouple the Paths?
Review and next steps
15. Remove Repeated Logic in Page Scripts
Repeated logic
The Removal Process
Modify the Front controller
Remove Logic from Page Scripts
Spot Check, Commit, Push, Notify QA
Common Questions
What if the Setup Work Is Inconsistent?
What if we used inconsistent naming?
Review and next steps
16. Add a Dependency Injection Container
What is a Dependency Injection Container?
Adding a DI Container
Add a DI Container Include File
Add a Router Service
Modify the Front Controller
Extract Page Scripts to Services
Create a Container Service
Route the URL Path to the Container Service
Spot Check and Commit
Do ... While
Remove pages/, Commit, Push, Notify QA
Common Questions
How can we refine our service definitions?
What if there are includes In the Page Script?
Can we reduce the size of the services.php file?
Can we reduce the size of the router service?
What if we cannot update to PHP 5.3?
Review and next steps
17. Conclusion
Opportunities for improvement
Conversion to Framework
Review and next steps
A. Typical Legacy Page Script
B. Code before Gateways
C. Code after Gateways
D. Code after Transaction Scripts
E. Code before Collecting Presentation Logic
F. Code after Collecting Presentation Logic
G. Code after Response View File
H. Code after Controller Rearrangement
I. Code after Controller Extraction
J. Code after Controller Dependency Injection
Index
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