Pure Intelligence电子书

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

Acknowledgments

Note to Reader

List of Abbreviations

Prologue

1.The Making of a Physician: 1766–1795

Wollaston’s Early Years

The Wollaston Lineage

The Route to a Medical Degree

The Eccentric Smithson Tennant

Becoming a Doctor

Life as a Country Physician

2. Early Medical and Scientific Interests: 1792–1800

Early Scientific Interests

Studies on Human Calculi

Activities with the Royal College of Physicians

Familial and Political Stresses

A Chemical Partnership

New Scientific Interests

Studies on the Refraction of Light

The End of Doctoring

3. Early Years as a Natural Philosopher: 1800–1802

Research on Electricity

Move to Buckingham Street

Royal Society Involvement

Lifelong Colleagues: Humphry Davy and Thomas Young

The Primacy of Observation

Pioneering Studies on the Refraction and Dispersion of Light

Double Refraction in Iceland Spar

Optical Instruments for Naval Use

4. Malleable Platinum: 1800–1801

Early Studies of Spanish Platina

Wollaston’s Platinum Purification Process

The Need for Secrecy

The Production of Malleable Platinum

5. Palladium and Rhodium: 1801–1825

The Batch Process for Commercial Platinum

The Discovery of Palladium

The Palladium Controversy

The Discovery of Rhodium

Wollaston Reveals his Secret

Commercial Applications of Palladium and Rhodium

6. Optical Devices and Social Networks: 1804–1809

Periscopic Spectacles

Periscopic Camera Obscura and Microscope

Opposition to Meniscus Lenses

The Camera Lucida: A New Drawing Instrument

Use of the Camera Lucida

Royal Society Activities

The Forces of Moving Bodies

The Lure of Cambridge

New Social and Scientific Networks

7. Commercial Platinum: 1805–1820

The First Sales of Platinum

Firearm Touchholes

Sulfuric Acid Boilers

Total Platinum Purchases and Sales

Improvements to Platinum Refining

Financial Security

8. Organic Chemicals and Multiple Combining Proportions: 1802–1815

Chemicals from Wine Dregs

Production and Sale of Organic Chemicals

The Continuing Partnership with Smithson Tennant

Multiple Combining Proportions in the Salts of Organic Acids

Thomas Thomson, Dalton, and Atomic Theory

Wollaston’s Integral Combining Proportions

The Impact of Wollaston’s Paper on Multiple Proportions

9. Crystals and Atoms: 1803–1818

Yearly Excursions

The Contact Goniometer

The Reflective Goniometer

Crystals and Elementary Particles

An Opportunity Missed

10. More Practical and Conceptual Innovation: 1809–1822

The Sounds of Muscular Contraction

Microanalysis

The Cryophorus and Fine Platinum Wires

The Logarithmic Scale of Chemical Equivalents

Atoms or Equivalents

The Upper Limit of the Atmosphere

11. Changing Priorities: 1809–1815

Electrochemical Secretions and Blood Sugar

The Attractions of Gravity, France, and English Institutions

The Visit of Berzelius

A Man at the Peak of his Powers

The Resurrection of Europe

Deaths of a Business Partner and a Father

A More Relaxed Life

12. Service to Government and the Royal Society: 1803–1820

Excise Taxes and Sikes’s Hydrometer

Wollaston as Paid Consultant

Service on Government Committees

The Board of Longitude

The Presidency of the Royal Society

13. A Diversity of Interests: 1815–1824

Friendship with Julia Hankey

More Leisure Time

Continuing Scientific Work and the End of the Platinum Business

Electromagnetic Rotation and the Faraday Incident

More Novel Observations

Pioneering Physiological Research

Three Remarkable Women

14. The Last Years: 1824–1828

Family, Friends, and Fishing

The End of Scientific Work

The Onset of Illness

Another Chance at the Presidency of the Royal Society

The Last Year

Preparations for Death

15. Post Mortem and Legacy: 1828–Present

Post Mortem

The Legacy of William Hyde Wollaston

Notes

Bibliography

Index