The Theory and Practice of Perspective: {Illustrated & Complete & Detailed}电子书

The Theory and Practice of Perspective

Preface

Book First

The Necessity of the Study of Perspective to Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

What Is Perspective?

The Theory of Perspective

Definitions I

II The Point of Sight, the Horizon, and the Point of Distance

III Point of Distance

IV Perspective of a Point, Visual Rays, &c.

V Trace and Projection

VI Scientific Definition of Perspective

Rules

VII The Rules and Conditions of Perspective

Rule 1

Rule 2

Rule 3

Rule 4

Rule 5

Rule 6

Rule 7

Rule 8

Rule 9

Rule 10

VIII A Table or Index of the Rules of Perspective

Rule 1

Rule 2

Rule 3

Rule 4

Rule 5

Rule 6

Rule 7

Rule 8

Rule 9

Rule 10

Book Second

THE PRACTICE OF PERSPECTIVE

IX The Square in Parallel Perspective

X The Diagonal

XI The Square

XII Geometrical and Perspective Figures Contrasted

XIII Of Certain Terms Made Use of in Perspective

XIV How to Measure Vanishing or Receding Lines

XV How to Place Squares in Given Positions

XVI How To Draw Pavements, &c.

XVII Of Squares Placed Vertically and at Different Heights, or the Cube in Parallel Perspective

XVIII The Transposed Distance

XIX The Front View of the Square and of the Proportions of Figures at Different Heights

XX Of Pictures That are Painted According to the Position They Are to Occupy

XXI Interiors

XXII The Square at an Angle of 45°

XXIII The Cube at an Angle of 45°

XXIV Pavements Drawn by Means of Squares at 45°

XXV The Perspective Vanishing Scale

XXVI The Vanishing Scale Can Be Drawn to Any Point on the Horizon

XXVII Application of Vanishing Scales to Drawing Figures

XXVIII How to Determine the Heights of Figures on a Level Plane

XXIX The Horizon Above the Figures

XXX Landscape Perspective

XXXI Figures of Different Heights

XXXII Application of the Vanishing Scale to Drawing Figures at an Angle When Their Vanishing Points Are Inaccessible or Outside the Picture

XXXIII The Reduced Distance. How to Proceed When the Point of Distance is Inaccessible

XXXIV How to Draw a Long Passage or Cloister By Means of the Reduced Distance

XXXV How to Form a Vanishing Scale That Shall Give the Height, Depth, and Distance of Any Object in the Picture

XXXVI Measuring Scale on Ground

XXXVII Application of the Reduced Distance and the Vanishing Scale to Drawing a Lighthouse, &c.

XXXVIII How to Measure Long Distances Such As a Mile or Upwards

XXXIX Further Illustration of Long Distances and Extended Views

XL How to Ascertain the Relative Heights of Figures on an Inclined Plane

XLI How to Find the Distance of a Given Figure or Point from the Base Line

XLII How to Measure the Height of Figures on Uneven Ground

XLIII Further Illustration of the Size of Figures at Different Distances and on Uneven Ground

XLIV Figures on a Descending Plane

XLV Further Illustration of the Descending Plane

XLVI Further Illustration of Uneven Ground

XLVII The Picture Standing on the Ground

XLVIII The Picture on a Height

Book Third

XLIX Angular Perspective

L How to put a Given Point into Perspective

LI A Perspective Point being given, Find its Position on the Geometrical Plane

LII How to put a Given Line into Perspective

LIII To Find the Length of a Given Perspective Line

LIV To Find These Points When the Distance-Point is Inaccessible

LV How to put a Given Triangle or Other Rectilineal Figure into Perspective

LVI How to Put a Given Square into Angular Perspective

LVII Of Measuring Points

LVIII How to Divide Any Given Straight Line Into Equal or Proportionate Parts

LIX How to Divide a Diagonal Vanishing Line Into Any Number of Equal or Proportional Parts

LX Further Use of the Measuring Point O

LXI Further Use of the Measuring Point O

LXII Another Method of Angular Perspective, Being That Adopted in Our Art Schools

LXIII Two Methods of Angular Perspective in One Figure

LXIV To Draw a Cube, the Points Being Given

LXV Amplification of the Cube Applied to Drawing a Cottage

LXVI How to Draw an Interior at an Angle

LXVII How to Correct Distorted Perspective by Doubling the Line of Distance

LXVIII How to Draw a Cube on a Given Square, Using Only One Vanishing Point

LXIX A Courtyard or Cloister Drawn With One Vanishing Point

LXX How to Draw Lines Which Shall Meet at a Distant Point, By Means of Diagonals

LXXI How to Divide a Square Placed at an Angle into a Given Number of Small Squares

LXXII Further Example of How to Divide a Given Oblique Square Into a Given Number of Equal Squares, Say Twenty-five

LXXIII Of Parallels and Diagonals

LXXIV The Square, the Oblong, and Their Diagonals

LXXV Showing the Use of the Square and Diagonals in Drawing Doorways, Windows, and other Architectural Features

LXXVI How to Measure Depths By Diagonals

LXXVII How to Measure Distances By the Square and Diagonal

LXXVIII How By Means of the Square and Diagonal We Can Determine the Position of Points in Space

LXXIX Perspective of a Point Placed in Any Position Within the Square

LXXX Perspective of a Square Placed at an Angle New Method

LXXXI On a Given Line Placed at an Angle to the Base Draw a Square in Angular Perspective, the Point of Sight, and Distance, being given.

LXXXII How to Draw Solid Figures at Any Angle By the New Method

LXXXIII Points in Space

LXXXIV The Square and Diagonal Applied to Cubes And Solids Drawn Therein

LXXXV To Draw an Oblique Square in Another Oblique Square Without Using Vanishing Points

LXXXVI Showing How a Pedestal Can Be Drawn By the New Method

LXXXVII Scale on Each Side of the Picture

LXXXVIII The Circle

LXXXIX The Circle in Perspective a True Ellipse

XC Further Illustration of the Ellipse

XCI How To Draw a Circle in Perspective Without a Geometrical Plan

XCII How to Draw a Circle in Angular Perspective

XCIII How to Draw a Circle in Perspective more Correctly, by Using Sixteen Guiding Points

XCIV How to Divide a Perspective Circle into any Number of Equal Parts

XCV How to Draw Concentric Circles

XCVI The Angle of the Diameter of the Circle in Angular and Parallel Perspective

XCVII How to Correct Disproportion in the Width of Columns

XCVIII How to Draw a Circle over a Circle or a Cylinder

XCIX To Draw a Circle Below a Given Circle

C Application of Previous Problem

CI Doric Columns

CII To Draw Semicircles Standing Upon a Circle at Any Angle

CIII A Dome Standing on a Cylinder

CIV Section of a Dome or Niche

A Dome

CVI How to Draw Columns Standing in a Circle

CVII Columns and Capitals

CVIII Method of Perspective Employed by Architects

CIX The Octagon

CX How to Draw the Octagon in Angular Perspective

CXI How to Draw an Octagonal Figure in Angular Perspective

CXII How to Draw Concentric Octagons, with Illustration of a Well

CXIII A Pavement Composed of Octagons and Small Squares

CXIV The Hexagon

CXV A Pavement Composed of Hexagonal Tiles

CXVI A Pavement of Hexagonal Tiles in Angular Perspective

CXVII Further Illustration of the Hexagon

CXVIII Another View of the Hexagon in Angular Perspective

CXIX Application of the Hexagon to Drawing a Kiosk

CXX The Pentagon

CXXI The Pyramid

CXXII The Great Pyramid

CXXIII The Pyramid in Angular Perspective

CXXIV To Divide the Sides of the Pyramid Horizontally

CXXV Of Roofs

CXXVI Of Arches, Arcades, Bridges, &c.

CXXVII Outline of an Arcade with Semicircular Arches

CXXVIII Semicircular Arches on a Retreating Plane

CXXIX An Arcade in Angular Perspective

CXXX A Vaulted Ceiling

CXXXI A Cloister, from a Photograph

CXXXII The Low or Elliptical Arch

CXXXIII Opening or Arched Window in a Vault

CXXXIV Stairs, Steps, &c.

CXXXV Steps, Front View

CXXXVI Square Steps

CXXXVII To Divide an Inclined Plane into Equal Parts—Such as a Ladder Placed Against a Wall

CXXXVIII Steps and the Inclined Plane

CXXXIX Steps in Angular Perspective

CXL A Step Ladder at an Angle

CXLI Square Steps Placed over each Other

CXLII Steps and a Double Cross Drawn by Means of Diagonals and one Vanishing Point

CXLIII A Staircase Leading to a Gallery

CXLIV Winding Stairs in a Square Shaft

CXLV Winding Stairs in a Cylindrical Shaft

CXLVI Of the Cylindrical Picture or Diorama

Book Fourth

CXLVII The Perspective of Cast Shadows

CXLVIII The Two Kinds of Shadows

CXLIX Shadows Cast by the Sun

CL The Sun in the Same Plane as the Picture

CLI The Sun Behind the Picture

CLII Sun Behind the Picture, Shadows Thrown on a Wall

CLIII Sun Behind the Picture Throwing Shadow on an Inclined Plane

CLIV The Sun in Front of the Picture

CLV The Shadow of an Inclined Plane

CLVI Shadow on a Roof or Inclined Plane

CLVII To Find the Shadow of a Projection or Balcony on a Wall

CLVIII Shadow on a Retreating Wall, Sun in Front

CLIX Shadow of an Arch, Sun in Front

CLX Shadow in a Niche or Recess

CLXI Shadow in an Arched Doorway

CLXII Shadows Produced by Artificial Light

CLXIII Some Observations on Real Light and Shade

CLXIV Reflection

CLXV Angles of Reflection

CLXVI Reflections of Objects at Different Distances

CLXVII Reflection in a Looking-Glass

CLXVIII The Mirror at an Angle

CLXIX The Upright Mirror at an Angle of 45° to the Wall

CLXX Mental Perspective

Footnotes