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About Packt
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Packt.com
Contributors
About the authors
About the reviewer
Packt is searching for authors like you
Preface
Introduction to the book and the technology
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Download the color images
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
Section 1: Introduction
Monitoring Fundamentals
Defining of monitoring
The value of monitoring
Organizational contexts
Monitoring components
Whitebox versus blackbox monitoring
Understanding metrics collection
An overview of the two collection approaches
Push versus pull
What to measure
Google's four golden signals
Brendan Gregg's USE method
Tom Wilkie's RED method
Summary
Questions
Further reading
An Overview of the Prometheus Ecosystem
Metrics collection with Prometheus
High-level overview of the Prometheus architecture
Exposing internal state with exporters
Exporter fundamentals
Alert routing and management with Alertmanager
Alerting routes
Visualizing your data
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Setting Up a Test Environment
Code organization
Machine requirements
Hardware requirements
Recommended software
VirtualBox
Vagrant
Minikube
kubectl
Spinning up a new environment
Automated deployment walkthrough
Prometheus
Grafana
Alertmanager
Cleanup
Advanced deployment walkthrough
Prometheus
Grafana
Alertmanager
Node Exporter
Validating your test environment
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Section 2: Getting Started with Prometheus
Prometheus Metrics Fundamentals
Understanding the Prometheus data model
Time series data
Time series databases
Prometheus local storage
Data flow
Memory
Write ahead log
Disk
Layout
Prometheus data model
Notation
Metric names
Metric labels
Samples
Cardinality
A tour of the four core metric types
Counter
Gauge
Histogram
Summaries
Longitudinal and cross-sectional aggregations
Cross-sectional aggregation
Longitudinal aggregation
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Running a Prometheus Server
Deep dive into the Prometheus configuration
Prometheus startup configuration
The config section
The storage section
The web section
The query section
Prometheus configuration file walkthrough
Global configuration
Scrape configuration
Managing Prometheus in a standalone server
Server deploy
Configuration inspection
Cleanup
Managing Prometheus in Kubernetes
Static configuration
Kubernetes environment
Prometheus server deployment
Adding targets to Prometheus
Dynamic configuration – the Prometheus Operator
Kubernetes environment
Prometheus Operator deployment
Prometheus server deployment
Adding targets to Prometheus
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Exporters and Integrations
Test environments for this chapter
Static infrastructure test environment
Kubernetes test environment
Operating system exporter
The Node Exporter
Configuration
Deployment
Container exporter
cAdvisor
Configuration
Deployment
kube-state-metrics
Configuration
Deployment
From logs to metrics
mtail
Configuration
Deployment
Grok exporter
Configuration
Deployment
Blackbox monitoring
Blackbox exporter
Configuration
Deployment
Pushing metrics
Pushgateway
Configuration
Deployment
More exporters
JMX exporter
HAProxy exporter
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Prometheus Query Language - PromQL
The test environment for this chapter
Getting to know the basics of PromQL
Selectors
Label matchers
Instant vectors
Range vectors
The offset modifier
Subqueries
Operators
Binary operators
Arithmetic
Comparison
Vector matching
One-to-one
Many-to-one and one-to-many
Logical operators
Aggregation operators
Binary operator precedence
Functions
absent()
label_join() and label_replace()
predict_linear()
rate() and irate()
histogram_quantile()
sort() and sort_desc()
vector()
Aggregation operations over time
Time functions
Info and enum
Common patterns and pitfalls
Patterns
Service-level indicators
Percentiles
The health of scrape jobs
Pitfalls
Choosing the right functions for the data type
Sum-of-rates versus rate-of-sums
Having enough data to work with
Unexpected results when using increase
Not using enough matchers to select a time series
Losing statistical significance
Knowing what to expect when constructing complex queries
The query of death
Moving on to more complex queries
In which node is Node Exporter running?
Scenario rationale
PromQL approach
Comparing CPU usage across different versions
Scenario rationale
PromQL approach
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Troubleshooting and Validation
The test environment for this chapter
Deployment
Cleanup
Exploring promtool
Checks
check config
check rules
check metrics
Queries
query instant
query range
query series
query labels
Debug
debug pprof
debug metrics
debug all
Tests
Logs and endpoint validation
Endpoints
Logs
Analyzing the time series database
Using the tsdb tool
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Section 3: Dashboards and Alerts
Defining Alerting and Recording Rules
Creating the test environment
Deployment
Cleanup
Understanding how rule evaluation works
Using recording rules
Naming convention for recording rules
Setting up alerting in Prometheus
What is an alerting rule?
Configuring alerting rules
Prometheus server configuration file
Rule file configuration
Labels and annotations
Delays on alerting
Testing your rules
Recording rules tests
Alerting rules tests
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Discovering and Creating Grafana Dashboards
Test environment for this chapter
Deployment
Cleanup
How to use Grafana with Prometheus
Login screen
Data source
Explore
Dashboards
Grafana running on Kubernetes
Building your own dashboards
Dashboard fundamentals
Panels
Variables
Time picker
Creating a basic dashboard
Exporting dashboards
Discovering ready-made dashboards
Grafana dashboards gallery
Publishing your dashboards
Default Prometheus visualizations
Out-of-the-box console templates
Console template basics
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Understanding and Extending Alertmanager
Setting up the test environment
Deployment
Cleanup
Alertmanager fundamentals
The notification pipeline
Dispatching alert groups to the notification pipeline
Inhibition
Silencing
Routing
Alertmanager clustering
Alertmanager configuration
Prometheus configuration
Configuration file overview
global
route
inhibit_rules
receiver
templates
The amtool command-line tool
alert
silence
check-config
config
Kubernetes Prometheus Operator and Alertmanager
Common Alertmanager notification integrations
Chat
Pager
Webhook
null
Customizing your alert notifications
Default message format
Creating a new template
Who watches the Watchmen?
Meta-monitoring and cross-monitoring
Dead man's switch alerts
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Section 4: Scalability, Resilience, and Maintainability
Choosing the Right Service Discovery
Test environment for this chapter
Deployment
Cleanup
Running through the service discovery options
Cloud providers
Container orchestrators
Service discovery systems
DNS-based service discovery
File-based service discovery
Using a built-in service discovery
Using Consul service discovery
Using Kubernetes service discovery
Building a custom service discovery
Custom service discovery fundamentals
Recommended approach
The service discovery adapter
Custom service discovery example
Using the custom service discovery
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Scaling and Federating Prometheus
Test environment for this chapter
Deployment
Cleanup
Scaling with the help of sharding
Logical grouping of jobs
The single job scale problem
What to consider when sharding
Alternatives to sharding
Having a global view using federation
Federation configuration
Federation patterns
Hierarchical
Cross-service
Using Thanos to mitigate Prometheus shortcomings at scale
Thanos' global view components
Sidecar
Query
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Integrating Long-Term Storage with Prometheus
Test environment for this chapter
Deployment
Cleanup
Remote write and remote read
Remote write
Remote read
Options for metrics storage
Local storage
Remote storage integrations
Thanos remote storage and ecosystem
Thanos ecosystem
Thanos components
Test environment specifics
Thanos query
Thanos sidecar
Thanos store gateway
Thanos compact
Thanos bucket
Thanos receive
Thanos rule
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Assessments
Chapter 1, Monitoring Fundamentals
Chapter 2, An Overview of the Prometheus Ecosystem
Chapter 3, Setting Up a Test Environment
Chapter 4, Prometheus Metrics Fundamentals
Chapter 5, Running a Prometheus Server
Chapter 6, Exporters and Integrations
Chapter 7, Prometheus Query Language - PromQL
Chapter 8, Troubleshooting and Validation
Chapter 9, Defining Alerting and Recording Rules
Chapter 10, Discovering and Creating Grafana Dashboards
Chapter 11, Understanding and Extending Alertmanager
Chapter 12, Choosing the Right Service Discovery
Chapter 13, Scaling and Federating Prometheus
Chapter 14, Integrating Long-Term Storage with Prometheus
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