Nginx HTTP Server - Third Edition电子书

Nginx HTTP Server Third Edition

Table of Contents

Nginx HTTP Server Third Edition

Credits

About the Author

About the Reviewer

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Free access for Packt account holders

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Downloading and Installing Nginx

Setting up the prerequisites

The GNU Compiler Collection

The PCRE library

The zlib library

OpenSSL

Downloading Nginx

Websites and resources

Version branches

Features

Downloading and extracting

Configure options

The easy way

Path options

Prerequisites options

Module options

Modules enabled by default

Modules disabled by default

Miscellaneous options

Configuration examples

About the prefix switch

Regular HTTP and HTTPS servers

All modules enabled

Mail server proxy

Build configuration issues

Make sure you installed the prerequisites

Directories exist and must be writable

Compiling and installing the program

Controlling the Nginx service

Daemons and services

User and group

Nginx command-line switches

Starting and stopping the daemon

Testing the configuration

Other switches

Adding Nginx as a system service

System V scripts

About init scripts

The init script for Debian-based distributions

The init script for Red Hat–based distributions

Installing the script

Debian-based distributions

Red Hat–based distributions

NGINX Plus

Summary

2. Basic Nginx Configuration

Configuration file syntax

Configuration directives

Organization and inclusions

Directive blocks

Advanced language rules

Directives accept specific syntaxes

Diminutives in directive values

Variables

String values

Base module directives

What are base modules?

The Nginx process architecture

Core module directives

The Events module

The Configuration module

Necessary adjustments

Testing your server

Creating a test server

Performance tests

Httperf

Autobench

OpenWebLoad

Upgrading Nginx gracefully

Summary

3. HTTP Configuration

The HTTP Core module

Structure blocks

Module directives

Socket and host configuration

listen

server_name

server_name_in_redirect

server_names_hash_max_size

server_names_hash_bucket_size

port_in_redirect

tcp_nodelay

tcp_nopush

sendfile

sendfile_max_chunk

send_lowat

reset_timedout_connection

Paths and documents

root

alias

error_page

if_modified_since

index

recursive_error_pages

try_files

Client requests

keepalive_requests

keepalive_timeout

keepalive_disable

send_timeout

client_body_in_file_only

client_body_in_single_buffer

client_body_buffer_size

client_body_temp_path

client_body_timeout

client_header_buffer_size

client_header_timeout

client_max_body_size

large_client_header_buffers

lingering_time

lingering_timeout

lingering_close

ignore_invalid_headers

chunked_transfer_encoding

max_ranges

MIME types

types

default_type

types_hash_max_size

types_hash_bucket_size

Limits and restrictions

limit_except

limit_rate

limit_rate_after

satisfy

internal

File processing and caching

disable_symlinks

directio

directio_alignment

open_file_cache

open_file_cache_errors

open_file_cache_min_uses

open_file_cache_valid

read_ahead

Other directives

log_not_found

log_subrequest

merge_slashes

msie_padding

msie_refresh

resolver

resolver_timeout

server_tokens

underscores_in_headers

variables_hash_max_size

variables_hash_bucket_size

post_action

Module variables

Request headers

Response headers

Nginx generated

The location block

Location modifier

The = modifier

No modifier

The ~ modifier

The ~* modifier

The ^~ modifier

The @ modifier

Search order and priority

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Summary

4. Module Configuration

The Rewrite module

Reminder on regular expressions

Purpose

PCRE syntax

Quantifiers

Captures

Internal requests

error_page

Rewrite

Infinite loops

Server Side Includes

Conditional structure

Directives

Common rewrite rules

Performing a search

User profile page

Multiple parameters

Wikipedia-like

News website article

Discussion board

SSI module

Module directives and variables

SSI commands

File includes

Working with variables

Conditional structure

Configuration

Additional modules

Website access and logging

Index

Autoindex

Random index

Log

Limits and restrictions

Auth_basic module

Access

Limit connections

Limit request

Auth_request

Content and encoding

Empty GIF

FLV and MP4

HTTP headers

Addition

Substitution

Gzip filter

Gzip static

Gunzip filter

Charset filter

Memcached

Image filter

XSLT

About your visitors

Browser

Map

Geo

GeoIP

UserID filter

Referer

Real IP

Split Clients

SSL and security

SSL

Setting up an SSL certificate

SSL Stapling

SPDY

Secure link

Other miscellaneous modules

Stub status

Degradation

Google-perftools

WebDAV

Third-party modules

Summary

5. PHP and Python with Nginx

An introduction to FastCGI

Understanding the CGI mechanism

The Common Gateway Interface

Fast Common Gateway Interface

uWSGI and SCGI

The main directives

FastCGI caching and buffering

PHP with Nginx

Architecture

PHP-FPM

Setting up PHP and PHP-FPM

Downloading and extracting

Requirements

Building PHP

Post-install configuration

Running and controlling

Nginx configuration

Python and Nginx

Django

Setting up Python and Django

Python

Django

Starting the FastCGI process manager

The Nginx configuration

Summary

6. Apache and Nginx Together

Nginx as reverse proxy

Understanding the issue

The reverse proxy mechanism

Advantages and disadvantages of the mechanism

The Nginx proxy module

Main directives

Caching, buffering, and temporary files

Limits, timeouts, and errors

SSL-related directives

Other directives

Variables

Configuring Apache and Nginx

Reconfiguring Apache

Configuration overview

Resetting the port number

Accepting local requests only

Configuring Nginx

Enabling proxy options

Separating the content

Advanced configuration

Improving the reverse proxy architecture

Forwarding the correct IP address

SSL issues and solutions

Server control panel issues

Summary

7. From Apache to Nginx

Nginx versus Apache

Features

Core and functioning

General functionality

Flexibility and community

Performance

Usage

Conclusion

Porting your Apache configuration

Directives

Modules

Virtual hosts and configuration sections

Configuration sections

Creating a virtual host

.htaccess files

A recap on Apache .htaccess files

Nginx equivalence

Rewrite rules

General remarks

On the location

On the syntax

RewriteRule

WordPress

MediaWiki

vBulletin

Summary

8. Introducing Load Balancing and Optimization

An introduction to load balancing

Understanding the concept of load balancing

Session affinity

The upstream module

Request distribution mechanisms

Using Nginx as a TCP load balancer

The Stream module

An example of MySQL load balancing

Thread pools and I/O mechanisms

Relieving worker processes

AIO, Sendfile, and DirectIO

Summary


9. Case Studies

Deploying a WordPress site

Preparing your server and obtaining WordPress

System requirements

PHP configuration

MySQL configuration

Downloading and extracting WordPress

Nginx configuration

HTTP blocks

The server block

Location blocks

WordPress configuration

Securing communications with HTTPS

Self-signed certificates and certificate authorities

Obtaining your SSL certificate

Enabling HTTPS in your Nginx configuration

Setting up and testing SPDY

Creating your ownCloud drive

Getting ownCloud

Nginx configuration

Setting up a self-signed certificate

Summary

10. Troubleshooting

General tips on troubleshooting

Checking access permissions

Testing your configuration

Have you reloaded the service?

Checking logs

Install issues

The 403 Forbidden custom error page

400 Bad request

Truncated or invalid FastCGI responses

Location block priorities

If block issues

Inefficient statements

Unexpected behavior

Summary

Index