Worlds Before Adam电子书

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A NOTE ON FOOTNOTES, REFERENCES, AND QUOTATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Part One

CHAPTER 1 Cuvier’s model for geohistory (1817-25)

1.1 CUVIER’S FOSSIL BONES

1.2 THE FOSSIL BONES REVISED

1.3 CUVIER’S SECULAR RESURRECTION

1.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 2 Monsters from deep time (1819-24)

2.1 THE STRANGE ICHTHYOSAUR

2.2 THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

2.3 CONYBEARE’S PLESIOSAUR

2.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 3 The new stratigraphy (1817-25)

3.1 THE PRACTICE OF GEOGNOSY

3.2 “CONYBEARE AND PHILLIPS”

3.3 THE1 STRATIGRAPHY OF EUROPE

3.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 4 Outlines of life’s history (1818-27)

4.1 “PALEONTOLOGY”DEFINED

4.2 LIFE’S OWN HISTORY

4.3 THE LIFE OF ANCIENT SEAS

4.4 ANCIENT PLANT LIFE

4.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 5 Ancient monsters on land (1818-25)

5.1 BUCKLAND’S MEGALOSAUR

5.2 MANTELL’S GIANT HERBIVORE

5.3 WEALDEN STRATIGRAPHY

5.4 MANTELL’S IGUANODON

5.5 THE STONESFIELD MARSUPIALS

5.6 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 6 Geological deluge and biblical Flood (1819-24)

6.1 BUCKLAND’S “HYAENA STORY”AT KIRKDALE

6.2 BUCKLAND’S NEW “DILUVIAL”EVIDENCE

6.3 “RELICS OF THE DELUGE”

6.4 CRITICS OF THE DELUGE

6.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 7 The role of actual causes (1818-24)

7.1 THE ADEQUACY OF ACTUAL CAUSES

7.2 VON HOFF AND NATURE’S “STATISTICS”

7.3 ETNA: EUROPE’S GREATEST VOLCANO

7.4 ACTUAL CAUSES AND GLOBAL EXPLORATION

7.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 8 The dynamic earth (1818-24)

8.1 CRUSTAL ELEVATION

8.2 THE “TEMPLE OF SERAPIS”

8.3 VON BUCH AND THE ORIGIN OF MOUNTAIN RANGES

8.4 CONCLUSION

Part Two

CHAPTER 9 The engine of geohistory (1824-29)

9.1 BRONGNIART’S GLOBAL STRATIGRAPHY

9.2 FOURIER’S PHYSICS OF A COOLING EARTH

9.3 SCROPE’S DIRECTIONAL GEOTHEORY

9.4 ÉLIE DE BEAUMONT’S SEQUENCE OF REVOLUTIONS

9.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 10 The Tertiary gateway (1824-27)

10.1 THE ADEQUACY OF ACTUAL CAUSES

10.2 INTERPRETING THE TERTIARY WORLD

10.3 PRÉVOST’S REINTERPRETATION OF THE PARIS BASIN

10.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 11 The geologists’ time-machine (1825-31)

11.1 FOSSIL LAND SURFACES AND SOILS

11.2 BUCKLAND AND THE FOOTPRINTS OF MONSTERS

11.3 FIRST SCENES FROM DEEP TIME

11.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 12 A directional history of life (1825-31)

12.1 TERTIARY GEOHISTORY

12.2 ADOLPHE BRONGNIART: PLANT LIFE ON A COOLING EARTH

12.3 TROPICS IN THE ARCTIC?

12.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 13 The last revolution (1824-30)

13.1 ALLUVIUM AND DILUVIUM

13.2 ALPINE ERRATIC BLOCKS

13.3 ERRATIC BLOCKS IN SCANDINAVIA

13.4 ESMARK’S GLACIAL CONJECTURE

13.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 14 The last mass extinction (1826-31)

14.1 BONE CAVES FOR BUCKLAND

14.2 BUCKLAND’S WORLDWIDE ANTEDILUVIAL FOSSILS

14.3 FLEMING AND THE COURSE OF EXTINCTION

14.4 LYELL THE BUDDING SYNTHESIZER

14.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 15 The centrality of central France (1826-28)

15.1 SCROPE’S “TIME！TIME！TIME！”

15.2 FAUNAS AND VOLCANOES IN AUVERGNE

15.3 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 16 Men among the mammoths? (1825-30)

16.1 THE QUESTION OF CONTEMPORANEITY

16.2 HUMAN FOSSILS IN LANGUEDOC

16.3 PROVINCE AND METROPOLIS

16.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 17 The specter of transmutation (1825-29)

17.1 GEOFFROY’S NEW TRANSFORMISM

17.2 LYELL CONFRONTS LAMARCK

17.3 CONCLUSION

Part Three

CHAPTER 18 Lyell and Auvergne geology (1827-28)

18.1 LYELL ON SCROPE’S AUVERGNE

18.2 LYELL AS GEOLOGICAL REFORMER

18.3 AUVERGNE THROUGH LYELL’S EYES

18.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 19 A geological Grand Tour (1828)

19.1 LYELL AND MURCHISON IN SOUTHERN FRANCE

19.2 LYELL AND MURCHISON IN NORTHERN ITALY

19.3 LYELL IN SOUTHERN ITALY

19.4 LYELL IN SICILY

19.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 20 Lyell in European context (1829-30)

20.1 LYELL’S HOMEWARD JOURNEY

20.2 PARISIAN DEBATES ON THE TERTIARIES

20.3 DILUVIALISTS AND FLUVIALISTS IN LONDON

20.4 SEDGWICK’S ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS

20.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 21 Geology’s guiding principles (1830)

21.1 INTRODUCING LYELL’S PRINCIPLES

21.2 THE LESSONS OF HISTORY

21.3 THE IDENTITY OF PAST AND PRESENT

21.4 REFUTING A DIRECTIONAL GEOHISTORY

21.5 REFUTING A PROGRESSIVE HISTORY OF LIFE

21.6 LYELL’S REVIVAL OF GEOTHEORY

21.7 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 22 “The Huttonian theory rediviva”(1830-31)

22.1 LYELL’S SURVEY OF ACTUAL CAUSES

22.2 SCROPE ON LYELL

22.3 DE LA BECHE AND CONYBEARE JOIN IN

22.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 23 Promoting Lyell’s Principles (1830-31)

23.1 TWO CRITICS FROM CAMBRIDGE

23.2 LYELL’S CONTINENTAL RECEPTION

23.3 THE GOAL OF TERTIARY GEOHISTORY

23.4 AN ACTUAL CAUSE IN ACTION

23.5 “BISHOPS AND ENLIGHTENED SAINTS”

23.6 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 24 The uniformity of life (1831-32)

24.1 THE SECOND VOLUME OF LYELL’S PRINCIPLES

24.2 THE BIRTHS AND DEATHS OF SPECIES

24.3 ORGANIC PROGRESS AS AN ILLUSION

24.4 CATASTROPHISTS AND ONE UNIFORMITARIAN

24.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 25 Completing Lyell’s Principles (1832-33)

25.1 LYELL’S LECTURES

25.2 A CONTINENTAL INTERLUDE

25.3 THE FINAL VOLUME OF LYELL’S PRINCIPLES

25.4 LYELL’S METHODS FOR GEOHISTORY

25.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 26 Geohistory in retrospect (1833)

26.1 LYELL RECONSTRUCTS THE TERTIARY ERA

26.2 GEOHISTORY WITH “NO VESTIGE OF A BEGINNING”

26.3 CONCLUSION

Part Four

CHAPTER 27 Challenges to Lyell’s geotheory (1832-35)

27.1 CONTESTED MEANINGS OF “UNIFORMITY”

27.2 DE LA BECHE AND “THEORETICAL GEOLOGY”

27.3 SCROPE AND THE REVISED PRINCIPLES

27.4 SEDGWICK AND “SUBTERRANEAN COOKERY”

27.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 28 The human species in geohistory (1830-37)

28.1 TOURNAL CONFRONTS THE SAVANT WORLD

28.2 SCHMERLING’S HUMAN FOSSILS IN BELGIUM

28.3 THE FIRST FOSSIL PRIMATES

28.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 29 Buckland’s designful geohistory (1832-36)

29.1 NATURAL THEOLOGY AND “SCRIPTURAL”GEOLOGY

29.2 STRATIGRAPHICAL FOUNDATIONS

29.3 PALEY GEOHISTORICIZED

29.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 30 The progression of life (1833-39)

30.1 AGASSIZ AND THE AGE OF FISH

30.2 PHILLIPS’S CARBONIFEROUS BENCHMARK

30.3 MURCHISON’S SILURIAN AND SEDGWICK’S CAMBRIAN

30.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 31 Imagining geohistory (1831-40)

31.1 THE “GREAT DEVONIAN CONTROVERSY”

31.2 GRESSLY’S CONCEPT OF “FACIES”

31.3 MORE SCENES FROM DEEP TIME

31.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 32 Lyell’s geotheory dismembered (1834-40)

32.1 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PRINCIPLES

32.2 CATASTROPHES AND DIRECTIONALITY

32.3 REFINING TERTIARY GEOHISTORY

32.4 THE “MYSTERY OF MYSTERIES”

32.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 33 Actual causes on trial (1834-39)

33.1 THE QUESTION OF CRUSTAL ELEVATION

33.2 WITNESSES TO ELEVATION IN SOUTH AMERICA

33.3 DARWIN’S THEORY OF A DYNAMIC EARTH

33.4 DARWIN’S TEST CASE IN SCOTLAND

33.5 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 34 Explaining erratics (1833-40)

34.1 EXTENDING THE GEOLOGICAL DELUGE

34.2 ERRATICS AND ICEBERGS

34.3 THE RECONSTRUCTION OF MEGA-GLACIERS

34.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 35 Snowball earth? (1835-40)

35.1 AGASSIZ’S “ICE AGE”FOR THE ALPS

35.2 EXTENDING THE ICE AGE

35.3 THE ICE AGE IN BRITAIN

35.4 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 36 Taking stock for the future (1840-45)

36.1 THE PLEISTOCENE ICE AGE

36.2 PHILLIPS AND GLOBAL GEOHISTORY

36.3 AGASSIZ AND THE “GENEALOGY”OF LIFE

36.4 WHEWELL’S HISTORICAL-CAUSAL SCIENCE

36.5 CONCLUSION

CONCLUDING (UN) SCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT

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