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What Did the Romans Know?电子书

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作       者:Lehoux, Daryn

出  版  社:University of Chicago Press

出版时间:2012-03-15

字       数:59.7万

所属分类: 进口书 > 外文原版书 > 文学/自传/回忆录

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What did the Romans know about their worldQuite a lot, as Daryn Lehoux makes clear in this fascinating and much-needed contribution to the history and philosophy of ancient science. Lehoux contends that even though many of the Romans' views about the natural world have no place in modern science-the umbrella-footed monsters and dog-headed people that roamed the earth and the stars that foretold human destinies-their claims turn out not to be so radically different from our own.?Lehoux draws upon a wide range of sources from what is unquestionably the most prolific period of ancient science, from the first century BC to the second century AD. He begins with Cicero's theologico-philosophical trilogy On the Nature of the Gods, On Divination, and On Fate, illustrating how Cicero's engagement with nature is closely related to his concerns in politics, religion, and law. Lehoux then guides readers through highly technical works by Galen and Ptolemy, as well as the more philosophically oriented physics and cosmologies of Lucretius, Plutarch, and Seneca, all the while exploring the complex interrelationships between the objects of scientific inquiry and the norms, processes, and structures of that inquiry. This includes not only the tools and methods the Romans used to investigate nature, but also the Romans' cultural, intellectual, political, and religious perspectives. Lehoux concludes by sketching a methodology that uses the historical material he has carefully explained to directly engage the philosophical questions of incommensurability, realism, and relativism.?By situating Roman arguments about the natural world in their larger philosophical, political, and rhetorical contexts, What Did the Romans Knowdemonstrates that the Romans had sophisticated and novel approaches to nature, approaches that were empirically rigorous, philosophically rich, and epistemologically complex.
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Cover

Copyright

Title Page

Dedication

Contents

Acknowledgments

1. The Web of Knowledge

A Roman World

A Roman World

Knowing Nature in the Roman Context

Overview

2. Nature, Gods, and Governance

Divinity and Divination

Roman Virtues

Nature and the Legitimation of the Republic

A Ciceronian Contradiction?

Knowledge of Nature and Virtuous Action

Fabulae versus Learned Observation

Conclusion

3. Law in Nature, Nature in Law

Laws of Nature

Natural Laws

Human and Divine Governance

Is a “Law of Nature” Even Possible in Antiquity?

Divinity, Redux

Conclusion

4. Epistemology and Judicial Rhetoric

Theory- Ladenness and Observation

Observations as Models

Observational Selectivity

Examination of Witnesses

The Natural Authority of Morals

Declamation and Certainty

5. The Embeddedness of Seeing

Doubts about Vision

Mechanisms of Seeing in Antiquity

The Eyes as Organs

Not Every Black Box Is a Camera Obscura

Epistemologies of Seeing

The Centrality of Experience

6. The Trouble with Taxa

Knowledge Claims and Context- Dependence

Unproblematic Facticity

Problems with Experience

The Lab Section of the Chapter

The Question of Worlds

Epilogue

7. The Long Reach of Ontology

Four Kinds of Justification for Prediction

Predictability and Determinism

Physical Solutions to Determinism

The Cascading Effect

8. Dreams of a Final Theory

Explaining the Cosmos

Orbs, Souls, Laws

Numbers in Nature

Harmony and Empiricism

Conclusion

9. Of Miracles and Mistaken Theories

History as a Problem for Realism

Quantum Magnum PI?

Can We Avoid the Problems History Poses?

First Strategy: We Have Something They Didn’t

Second Strategy: The Curate’s Egg

Other Ways Out

10. Worlds Given, Worlds Made

What’s in a World?

Kuhn’s World

What Good Is Relativism?

Coherence

Truth and Meaning

Realism, Coherence, and History

11. Conclusion

Appendix: Lemma to the Mirror Problem

Notes

Reference List

Index

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