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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
PART I. The Distribution of Species on Islands
CHAPTER 1. Patterns or Fantasies?
Species Co-occurrences
The Night Sky Effect
Patterns in Nature
Finding the Null
What This Book Is About
How This Book Is Organized
CHAPTER 2. Diamond’s Assembly Rules
Robert MacArthur, 1930–1972
Special Islands and Their Birds
What Is a Checkerboard Distribution?
Incidence
The Theoretical Context
The Cuckoo Doves
Patchy Distributions
Summary
CHAPTER 3. The Response of Connor and Simberloff
The Backlash
How Likely Are Checkerboards?
Prior Expectations
The Analysis of Vanuatu
Summary
PART II. A Technical Interlude
CHAPTER 4. How to Incorporate Constraints into Incidence Matrices
Definitions and Notation
The Numbers of Null Matrices and the Effect of Constraints
The Hypergeometric Distribution
The Three Ecological Constraints Proposed by Connor and Simberloff in Their Studies of Birds and Bats on Islands
Incidence
Why Constraints? And What Does “Representative” Mean?
Summary
CHAPTER 5. How to Fill the Sample Null Space
Null Space Creation Algorithms
Creating a Uniform Random Sample Null Space
The Trial-Swap Algorithm
Summary
CHAPTER 6. How to Characterize Incidence Matrices
Then You Need a Metric . . .
The Metric of Connor and Simberloff (1979)
Wright and Biehl (1982)
Harvey et al.’s (1983) Review of Null Models in Ecology
Stone and Roberts (1990, 1992) and Roberts and Stone (1990)
Why Ensemble Metrics Fail—An Example
Summary
PART III. Reanalysis and Extensions
CHAPTER 7. Vanuatu and the Galápagos
The Birds of Vanuatu
The Birds of the Galápagos
Summary
CHAPTER 8. The Birds of the Bismarck and Solomon Islands
The Issue of Superspecies
The Patterns
Taxonomic Sieving and Incidence Effects
Which Genera Develop Checkerboards?
Caveats
When the Incidences Do Not Overlap
Summary
Coda
CHAPTER 9. Species along a Gradient
The Herptofauna of Mount Kupe, Cameroon
Why Do the Results Differ from Previous Results?
The Second Question: Do Species Form Distinct Communities?
Summary
CHAPTER 10. Applications to Food Webs: Nestedness and Reciprocal Specialization
Nestedness
Groupings of Species Interactions
Summary
CHAPTER 11. Coda
MacArthur’s Original Vision
The Patterns Themselves
The Need for Null Hypotheses
References
Index
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