PHP 7: Real World Application Development电子书

PHP 7: Real World Application Development

Table of Contents

PHP 7: Real World Application Development

PHP 7: Real World Application Development

Credits

Preface

What this learning path covers

What you need for this learning path

Who this learning path is for

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Module 1

1. Building a Foundation

Introduction

PHP 7 installation considerations

How to do it...

Installing directly from source

Installing PHP 7 from pre-compiled binaries

Installing a *AMP package

There's more...

See also

Using the built-in PHP web server

How to do it...

Defining a test MySQL database

How to do it...

Installing PHPUnit

Implementing class autoloading

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Hoovering a website

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Building a deep web scanner

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Creating a PHP 5 to PHP 7 code converter

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

2. Using PHP 7 High Performance Features

Introduction

Understanding the abstract syntax tree

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Understanding differences in parsing

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Understanding differences in foreach() handling

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Improving performance using PHP 7 enhancements

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Iterating through a massive file

How to do it...

How it works...

Uploading a spreadsheet into a database

Getting ready...

How to do it...

How it works...

Recursive directory iterator

How to do it...

How it works...

3. Working with PHP Functions

Introduction

Developing functions

How to do it...

How it works...

Hinting at data types

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Using return value data typing

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Using iterators

How to do it...

How it works...

Writing your own iterator using generators

How to do it...

How it works...

4. Working with PHP Object-Oriented Programming

Introduction

Developing classes

How to do it...

How it works...

See also...

Extending classes

How to do it...

How it works...

Using static properties and methods

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Using namespaces

How to do it...

How it works...

Defining visibility

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Using interfaces

How to do it...

How it works...

Using traits

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing anonymous classes

How to do it...

How it works...

5. Interacting with a Database

Introduction

Using PDO to connect to a database

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Building an OOP SQL query builder

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Handling pagination

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Defining entities to match database tables

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Tying entity classes to RDBMS queries

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Embedding secondary lookups into query results

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing jQuery DataTables PHP lookups

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

6. Building Scalable Websites

Introduction

Creating a generic form element generator

How to do it...

How it works...

Creating an HTML radio element generator

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Creating an HTML select element generator

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing a form factory

How to do it...

How it works...

Chaining $_POST filters

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Chaining $_POST validators

How to do it...

How it works...

Tying validation to a form

How to do it...

How it works...

7. Accessing Web Services

Introduction

Converting between PHP and XML

How to do it...

How it works...

Creating a simple REST client

How to do it...

Creating a streams-based REST client

Defining a cURL-based REST client

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Creating a simple REST server

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Creating a simple SOAP client

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Creating a simple SOAP server

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

8. Working with Date/Time and International Aspects

Introduction

Using emoticons or emoji in a view script

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Converting complex characters

How to do it...

How it works...

Getting the locale from browser data

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Formatting numbers by locale

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Handling currency by locale

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Formatting date/time by locale

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Creating an HTML international calendar generator

How to do it...

Refining internationalized output

How it works...

See also

Building a recurring events generator

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Handling translation without gettext

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

9. Developing Middleware

Introduction

Authenticating with middleware

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Using middleware to implement access control

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Improving performance using the cache

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Implementing routing

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Making inter-framework system calls

How to do it...

How it works...

Using middleware to cross languages

How to do it...

10. Looking at Advanced Algorithms

Introduction

Using getters and setters

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing a linked list

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Building a bubble sort

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing a stack

How to do it...

How it works...

Building a binary search class

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Implementing a search engine

How to do it...

How it works...

Displaying a multi-dimensional array and accumulating totals

How to do it...

How it works...

11. Implementing Software Design Patterns

Introduction

Creating an array to object hydrator

How to do it...

How it works...

Building an object to array hydrator

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing a strategy pattern

How to do it...

How it works...

Defining a mapper

How to do it...

How it works...

Implementing object-relational mapping

How to do it...

Technique #1 - pre-loading all child information

Technique #2 - embedding secondary lookups

How it works...

See also

Implementing the Pub/Sub design pattern

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

12. Improving Web Security

Introduction

Filtering $_POST data

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Validating $_POST data

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Safeguarding the PHP session

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Securing forms with a token

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Building a secure password generator

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Safeguarding forms with a CAPTCHA

How to do it...

Generating a text CAPTCHA

Generating an image CAPTCHA

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Encrypting/decrypting without mcrypt

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

13. Best Practices, Testing, and Debugging

Introduction

Using Traits and Interfaces

How to do it...

How it works...

Universal exception handler

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Universal error handler

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Writing a simple test

How to do it...

Running simple tests

Testing database Model classes

Using mock classes

Using anonymous classes as mock objects

Using Mock Builder

How it works...

Running simple tests

Testing database model classes

Using mock classes

There's more...

See also...

Writing a test suite

How to do it...

How it works...

See also...

Generating fake test data

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Customizing sessions using session_start parameters

How to do it...

How it works...

See also...

A. Defining PSR-7 Classes

Introduction

Implementing PSR-7 value object classes

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Developing a PSR-7 Request class

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Defining a PSR-7 Response class

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

2. Module 2

1. Setting Up the Environment

Setting up Windows

Setting up Debian or Ubuntu

Debian

Ubuntu

Setting up CentOS

Installing NGINX

Installing PHP 7

Installing Percona Server

Setting up Vagrant

Summary

2. New Features in PHP 7

OOP features

Type hints

Scalar type hints

Return type hints

Namespaces and group use declaration

Non mixed group use declarations

Mixed group use declarations

The compound namespace declaration

The anonymous classes

Old-style constructor deprecation

The throwable interface

Error

New operators

The Spaceship operator (<=>)

The null coalesce operator(??)

Uniform variable syntax

Miscellaneous features and changes

Constant arrays

Multiple default cases in the switch statement

The options array for session_start function

Filtered unserialize function

Summary

3. Improving PHP 7 Application Performance

NGINX and Apache

Apache

NGINX

HTTP server optimization

Caching static files

Apache

NGINX

HTTP persistent connection

Apache

NGINX

GZIP compression

Apache

NGINX

Using PHP as a separate service

Disabling unused modules

Apache

NGINX

Web server resources

NGINX

Content Delivery Network (CDN)

Using CDN

CSS and JavaScript optimization

Merging

Minifying

Minify

Grunt

Full page caching

Varnish

The infrastructure

Web servers

The database server

Load balancer (LB)

HAProxy load balancing

HAProxy installation

HAProxy load balancing

Summary

4. Improving Database Performance

The MySQL database

Query caching

Storage engines

The MyISAM storage engine

The InnoDB storage engine

innodb_buffer_pool_size

innodb_buffer_pool_instances

innodb_log_file_size

The Percona Server - a fork of MySQL

Installing the Percona Server

MySQL performance monitoring tools

phpMyAdmin

The MySQL workbench

Percona Toolkit

pt-query-digest

pt-duplicate-key-checker

Percona XtraDB Cluster (PXC)

Redis – the key-value cache store

Connecting with the Redis server

Storing and fetching data from the Redis server

Redis management tools

Memcached key-value cache store

Summary

5. Debugging and Profiling

Xdebug

Debugging with Sublime Text

Debugging with Eclipse

Profiling with Xdebug

PHP DebugBar

Summary

6. Stress/Load Testing PHP Applications

Apache JMeter

ApacheBench (ab)

Siege

Load testing real-world applications

Magento 2

WordPress 4

Drupal 8

Summary

7. Best Practices in PHP Programming

Coding styles

Test-driven development (TDD)

Design patterns

Service-oriented architecture (SOA)

Being object-oriented and reusable always

PHP frameworks

Version control system (VCS) and Git

Deployment and Continuous Integration (CI)

Summary

A. Tools to Make Life Easy

Composer – A dependency manager for PHP

Composer installation

Using Composer

Git – A version control system

Git installation

Using Git

Creating new branches and merging

Cloning a repository

Webhooks

Desktop tools to manage repositories

Grunt watch

Summary

B. MVC and Frameworks

The MVC design pattern

Model

Views

Controllers

Laravel

Installation

Features

Routing

Eloquent ORM

Artisan CLI

Migrations

Blade templates

Other features

Lumen

Apigility

Summary

3. Module 3

1. Legacy Applications

The typical PHP application

File Structure

Page Scripts

Rewrite or Refactor?

The Pros and Cons of Rewriting

Why Don't Rewrites Work?

The Context-switching problem

The Knowledge problem

The Schedule Problem

Iterative Refactoring

Legacy Frameworks

Framework-based Legacy Applications

Refactoring to a Framework

Review and next steps

2. Prerequisites

Revision control

PHP version

Editor/IDE

Style Guide

Test suite

Review and next steps

3. Implement an Autoloader

PSR-0

A Single Location for Classes

Add Autoloader Code

As a Global Function

As a Closure

As a Static or Instance method

Using The __autoload() Function

Autoloader Priority

Common Questions

What If I Already Have An Autoloader?

What are the Performance Implications Of Autoloading?

How Do Class Names Map To File Names?

Review and next steps

4. Consolidate Classes and Functions

Consolidate Class Files

Find a candidate include

Move the class file

Remove the related include calls

Spot check the codebase

Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Consolidate functions into class files

Find a candidate include

Convert the function file to a class file

Change function calls to static method calls

Spot check the static method calls

Move the class file

Do ... While

Common Questions

Should we remove the autoloader include call?

How should we pick files for candidate include calls?

What if an include defines more than one class?

What if the one-class-per-file rule is disagreeable?

What if a Class or Function is defined inline?

What if a definition file also executes logic?

What if two classes have the same name?

What about third-party libraries?

What about system-wide libraries?

For functions, can we use instance methods instead of static methods?

Can we automate this process?

Review and next steps

5. Replace global With Dependency Injection

Global Dependencies

The replacement process

Find a global variable

Convert global variables to properties

Spot check the class

Convert global properties to constructor parameters

Convert instantiations to use parameters

Spot check, Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common Questions

What if we find a global in a static method?

Is there an alternative conversion process?

What about class names in variables?

What about superglobals?

What about $GLOBALS?

Review and next steps

6. Replace new with Dependency Injection

Embedded instantiation

The replacement process

Find a new keyword

Extract One-Time creation to dependency injection

Extract repeated creation to factory

Change instantiation calls

Spot Check, Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common Questions

What About Exceptions and SPL Classes?

What about Intermediary Dependencies?

Isn't this a lot of code?

Should a factory create collections?

Can we automate all these Injections?

Review and next steps

7. Write Tests

Fighting test resistance

The way of Testivus

Setting up a test suite

Install PHPUnit

Create a tests/ directory

Pick a class to test

Write a test case

Do ... While

Common Questions

Can we skip this step and do it later?

Come On, Really, Can We Do This Later?

What about hard-to-test classes?

What about our earlier characterization tests?

Should we test private and protected methods?

Can we change a test after we write it?

Do we need to test Third-party libraries?

What about code coverage?

Review and next steps

8. Extract SQL statements to Gateways

Embedded SQL Statements

The extraction process

Search for SQL statements

Move SQL to a Gateway class

Namespace and Class names

Method names

An initial Gateway class method

Defeating SQL Injection

Write a test

Replace the original code

Test, Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common Questions

What about INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE Statements?

What about Repetitive SQL strings?

What about complex query strings?

What about queries inside non-Gateway classes?

Can we extend from a base Gateway class?

What about multiple queries and complex result structures?

What if there is no Database Class?

Review and next steps

9. Extract Domain Logic to Transactions

Embedded Domain Logic

Domain logic patterns

The Extraction Process

Search for uses of Gateway

Discover and Extract Relevant Domain Logic

Example Extraction

Spot check the remaining original code

Write tests for the extracted transactions

Spot check again, Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common Questions

Are we talking about SQL transactions?

What about repeated Domain Logic?

Are printing and echoing part of Domain Logic?

Can a transaction be a class instead of a Method?

What about Domain Logic in Gateway classes?

What about Domain logic embedded in Non-Domain classes?

Review and next steps

10. Extract Presentation Logic to View Files

Embedded presentation logic

The Extraction process

Search for Embedded presentation logic

Rearrange the Page script and Spot Check

Extract Presentation to View file and Spot Check

Create a views/ Directory

Pick a View File name

Move Presentation Block to View file

Add Proper Escaping

Write View File Tests

The tests/views/ directory

Writing a View File Test

Asserting Correctness Of Content

Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common Questions

What about Headers and Cookies?

What if we already have a Template system?

What about Streaming Content?

What if we have lots of Presentation variables?

What about class methods that generate output?

What about Business Logic Mixed into the presentation?

What if a page contains only presentation logic?

Review and next steps

11. Extract Action Logic to Controllers

Embedded action logic

The Extraction Process

Search for Embedded Action Logic

Rearrange the Page Script and Spot Check

Identify Code Blocks

Move Code to Its Related Block

Spot Check the Rearranged Code

Extract a Controller Class

Pick a Class Name

Create a Skeleton Class File

Move the Action Logic and Spot Check

Convert Controller to Dependency Injection and Spot Check

Write a Controller Test

Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common Questions

Can we pass parameters to the Controller method?

Can a Controller have Multiple actions?

What If the Controller contains include Calls?

Review and next steps

12. Replace Includes in Classes

Embedded include Calls

The Replacement process

Search for include Calls

Replacing a Single include Call

Replacing Multiple include Calls

Copy include file to Class Method

Replace the original include Call

Discover coupled variables through testing

Replace other include Calls and Test

Delete the include file and test

Write a test and refactor

Convert to Dependency Injection and test

Commit, Push, Notify QA

Do ... While

Common QuestionsCan one class receive logic from many include files?

What about include calls originating in non-class files?

Review and next steps

13. Separate Public and Non-Public Resources

Intermingled resources

The separation process

Coordinate with operations personnel

Create a document root directory

Reconfigure the server

Move public resources

Commit, push, coordinate

Common Questions

Is This Really Necessary?

Review and next steps

14. Decouple URL Paths from File Paths

Coupled Paths

The Decoupling Process

Coordinate with Operations

Add a Front Controller

Create a pages/ Directory

Reconfigure the Server

Spot check

Move Page scripts

Commit, Push, Coordinate

Common Questions

Did we really Decouple the Paths?

Review and next steps

15. Remove Repeated Logic in Page Scripts

Repeated logic

The Removal Process

Modify the Front controller

Remove Logic from Page Scripts

Spot Check, Commit, Push, Notify QA

Common Questions

What if the Setup Work Is Inconsistent?

What if we used inconsistent naming?

Review and next steps

16. Add a Dependency Injection Container

What is a Dependency Injection Container?

Adding a DI Container

Add a DI Container Include File

Add a Router Service

Modify the Front Controller

Extract Page Scripts to Services

Create a Container Service

Route the URL Path to the Container Service

Spot Check and Commit

Do ... While

Remove pages/, Commit, Push, Notify QA

Common Questions

How can we refine our service definitions?

What if there are includes In the Page Script?

Can we reduce the size of the services.php file?

Can we reduce the size of the router service?

What if we cannot update to PHP 5.3?

Review and next steps

17. Conclusion

Opportunities for improvement

Conversion to Framework

Review and next steps

A. Typical Legacy Page Script

B. Code before Gateways

C. Code after Gateways

D. Code after Transaction Scripts

E. Code before Collecting Presentation Logic

F. Code after Collecting Presentation Logic

G. Code after Response View File

H. Code after Controller Rearrangement

I. Code after Controller Extraction

J. Code after Controller Dependency Injection

Bibliography

Index