The Wealth of Nations 国富论(英文版)电子书

Editor’s Introduction

Introduction and Plan of the Work

The Wealth of Nations

Book I

I: Of the Division of Labour

II: Of the Principle Which Gives Occasion to the Division of Labour

III: That the Division of Labour Is Limited by the Extent of the Market

IV: Of the Origin and Use of Money

V: Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of Their Price in Labour, and Their Price in Money

VI: Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities

VII: Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities

VIII: Of the Wages of Labour

IX: Of the Profits of Stock

X: Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock

I: Inequalities Arising from the Nature of the Employments Themselves

II: Inequalities Occasioned by the Policy of Europe

XI: Of the Rent of Land

I: Of the Produce of Land Which Always Affords Rent

II: Of the Produce of Land Which Sometimes Does, and Sometimes Does Not, Afford Rent

III: Of the Variations in the Proportion Between the Respective Values of That Sort of Produce Which Always Affords Rent, and of That Which Sometimes Does and Sometimes Does Not Afford Rent

Digression Concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver During the Course of the Four Last Centuries

First Period

Second Period

Third Period

Variations in the Proportion Between the Respective Values of Gold and Silver

Grounds of the Suspicion That the Value of Silver Still Continues to Decrease

Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement Upon Three Different Sorts of Rude Produce

First Sort

Second Sort

Third Sort

Conclusion of the Digression Concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver

Effects of the Progress of Improvement Upon the Real Price of Manufactures

Conclusion of the Chapter

Book II

Introduction

I: Of the Division of Stock

II: Of Money Considered as a Particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society, or of the Expense of Maintaining the National Capital

III: Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour

IV: Of Stock Lent at Interest

V: Of the Different Employment of Capitals

Book III

I: Of the Natural Progress of Opulence

II: Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of Europe After the Fall of the Roman Empire

III: Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, After the Fall of the Roman Empire

IV: How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country

Book IV

Introduction

I: Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System

II: Of Restraints Upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced at Home

III: Of the Extraordinary Restraints Upon the Importation of Goods of Almost All Kinds, from Those Countries with Which the Balance Is Supposed to Be Disadvantageous

I: Of the Unreasonableness of Those Restraints Even Upon the Principles of the Commercial System

Digression Concerning Banks of Deposit, Particularly Concerning That of Amsterdam

II: Of the Unreasonableness of Those Extraordinary Restraints Upon Other Principles

IV: Of Drawbacks

V: Of Bounties

Digression Concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws

VI: Of Treaties of Commerce

VII: Of Colonies

I: Of the Motives for Establishing New Colonies

II: Causes of the Prosperity of New Colonies

III: Of the Advantages Which Europe Has Derived from the Discovery of America, and from That of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope

VIII: Conclusion of the Mercantile System

IX: Of the Agricultural Systems, or of Those Systems of Political Œconomy, Which Represent the Produce of Land as Either the Sole or the Principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country

Book V

I: Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth

I: Of the Expense of Defence

II: Of the Expense of Justice

III: Of the Expense of Public Works and Public Institutions

Article I: Of the Public Works and Institutions for Facilitating the Commerce of the Society

And, First, of Those Which Are Necessary for Facilitating Commerce in General

Of the Public Works and Institutions Which Are Necessary for Facilitating Particular Branches of Commerce

Article II: Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Education of Youth

Article III: Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of All Ages

IV: Of the Expense of Supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign

Conclusion

II: Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society

I: Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue Which May Peculiarly Belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth

II: Of Taxes

Article I

Taxes Upon Rent; Taxes Upon the Rent of Land

Taxes Which Are Proportioned, Not to the Rent, but to the Produce of Land

Taxes Upon the Rent of Houses

Article II

Taxes Upon Profit, or Upon the Revenue Arising from Stock

Taxes Upon the Profit of Particular Employments

Appendix to Articles I and II

Article III: Taxes Upon the Wages of Labour

Article IV: Taxes Which, It Is Intended, Should Fall Indifferently Upon Every Different Species of Revenue

Capitation Taxes

Taxes Upon Consumable Commodities

III: Of Public Debts

Appendix

Endnotes 1–500

Endnotes 501–1,000

Endnotes 1,001–1,500

Endnotes 1,501–1,647