动态模拟低渗地层返排水中物质迁移转化机制(英文版)电子书

前言

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Shale gas

1.2 Hydraulic fracturing

1.3 Impact the surrounding environment

1.3.1 Water Contamination Pathways

1.3.2 Wastewater Chemical Composition

CHAPTER 2 MATHMATIC MODELS

2.1 Dynamic Transport Model

2.1.1 Convection Advective flux

2.1.2 Dispersive flux

2.1.3 Diffusive flux

2.1.4 Hydrodynamic Dispersion

2.1.5 Sorption/Retention

2.2 Contaminant transport model in vadose area

2.2.1 Vertical Transport Model

2.2.2 Concentration Predictive Model

2.2.3 Cumulative Mass Predictive Model

2.2.3.1 Cumulative Mass to Groundwater

2.2.3.2 Cumulative mass to atmosphere

2.3 Monte-Carlo Method

CHAPTER 3 MODEL APPLICATION

3.1 Predicting Organic Compounds Concentration in flowback Water

3.1.1 Marcellus region introduce

3.1.2 Hydraulic Fracturing Model

3.1.2.1 Data analysis

3.1.2.2 Mathematic model

3.1.2.3 Results Discussion

3.1.3 Results Discussion

3.1.4 Conclusions

3.2 Determining VOCs Concentrations in Flowback and Produced Waters Storage Tanks/Pits

3.2.1 Temporal evolution of Flowback water volumes

3.2.2 Temporal evolution of concentrations of VOCs in storage tanks

3.2.3 Conclusions

3.3 Analysis of Vertical Transportation Mechanism of VOCs from Horizontal Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater

3.3.1 Vadose zone transportation model

3.3.2 Cumulative Mass Percentage Estimation

3.3.3 Predicted Value of Total Concentration in Vadose Zone

3.3.4 Conclusions

CHAPTER 4 SUBSTANCE MIGRATION BEHAVIOR FROM FLOWBACK WATER IN SHALE FORMATION

4.1 A review of prediction methods for oilfield produced water scaling

4.1.1 Experimental

4.1.1.1 Scale induction period

4.1.1.2 Formation of scale nuclei

4.1.1.3 Growth of scale crystals

4.1.2 The harm of scaling

4.1.2.1 The harm of scaling to equipment pipelines

4.1.2.2 Scaling impact on the reservoir

4.1.3 Scaling prediction of oilfield produced water

4.1.3.1 Mathematical model

4.1.3.2 Evaluation of scaling method prediction method

4.1.3.3 Experimental research on scale prediction

4.1.4 Conclusions

4.2 Co-Deposition Mechanisms of Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate Scale in Produced Water

4.2.1 Background

4.2.1.1 Crystallization

4.2.1.2 Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate

4.2.1.3 Previous Work on Co-Precipitation

4.2.2 Methods and Materials

4.2.2.1 Materials

4.2.2.2 Solution Preparation

4.2.2.3 Experiments and Analysis Methods

4.2.3 Results and Discussion

4.2.3.1 Changes in Electrical Conductivity during Scale Deposition

4.2.3.2 Changes of pH Value in Scale Deposition Process

4.2.3.3 Changes of Crystal Morphology in Scale Deposition Process

4.2.3.4 XRD Analysis of Scale Samples

4.2.3.5 CaCO3-CaSO4 Co-Deposition Model

4.2.4 Conclusions

4.3 Effects of Influencing Factors on a Lab-Scale Device for Dynamic Scaling Mitigation

4.3.1 Experiments

4.3.1.1 Device Design and Assembly

4.3.1.2 Materials and Methods

4.3.2 Results and Discussion

4.3.2.1 Scale Adsorption Rate on the Cotton Fiber

4.3.2.2 Effect of Initial Simulated Water Scale Concentration on Scale Adsorption

4.3.2.3 Effect of Contact Time on Scale Adsorption

4.3.2.4 Effects of Experimental Temperature on Scale Adsorption

4.3.2.5 Effect of Flow Rate on Scale Adsorption

4.3.3 Conclusions

4.4 Mixed scaling control technology of produced water in different layers of the Dingbian oil production plant

4.4.1 Materials and Methods

4.4.1.1 Materials

4.4.1.2 Instruments

4.4.1.3 Methods

4.4.2 Results and discussion

4.4.2.1 Analysis of water sample ions and sewage water quality indexes

4.4.2.2 Compatibility experimental analysis

4.4.2.4 Investigation of scale inhibition technology

4.4.3 Conclusions

4.5 Kinetic analysis applied to ferrous ions with hydrogen peroxide in acidified hydraulic fracturing reflux fluid model containing representative organic additives

4.5.1 Materials and methods

4.5.1.1 Reagents

4.5.1.2 Fe(Ⅱ) determination

4.5.1.3 Oxidation experiments

4.5.1.4 Oxidation system analysis

4.5.2 Results and discussion

4.5.2.1 Standard curve line

4.5.2.2 Determination of kinetic parameters of Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation by H2O2

4.5.2.3 Effect of benzyl amine on the reaction of Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation by H2O2

4.5.2.4 Effect of clay stabilizer on the oxidation of Fe(Ⅱ) by H2O2

4.5.2.5 Effect of iron stabilizer on the reaction of Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation by H2O2

4.5.2.6 Effect of the combination of clay stabilizer,EDTA and benzyl amine on the reactionof Fe(Ⅱ)oxidation by H2O2

4.5.2.7 Evaluation of the suitability of oxidation systems

4.5.3 Conclusions

4.6 Re-injection feasibility study of fracturing flow-back fluid in shale gas mining

4.6.1 Experimental

4.6.1.1 Apparatus and Reagents

4.6.1.2 Experimental

4.6.2 Results and discussion

4.6.2.1 Analysis of water quality of backfill fracturing

4.6.2.2 Influence of water quality on clay swelling

4.6.2.3 Effect of pH on Clay Stability

4.6.2.4 Effect of mixed treatment of fracturing flow-back fluid and formation of water on

4.6.3 Conclusions

Reference