哪些科学观点必须去死电子书

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Edge年度问题：哪些科学观点必须去死？

01THE BIG BANG WAS THE FIRST MOMENT OF TIME大爆炸就是时间的开始吗？

02THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING万有理论

03UNIFICATION大统一

04SIMPLICITY简洁

05THE UNIVERSE宇宙

06IQ智商

07BRAIN PLASTICITY大脑可塑性

08CHANGING THE BRAIN改变大脑

09“THE ROCKET SCIENTIST”“火箭科学家”

10INDIVI-DUALITY个体

11THE BIGGER AN ANIMAL'S BRAIN, THE GREATER ITS INTELLIGENCE大脑越大越聪明

12THE UNIVERSE BEGAN IN A STATE OF EXTRAORDINARILY LOW ENTROPY宇宙始于极低熵

13MIND VERSUS MATTER精神VS物质

14ENTROPY熵

15THE UNIFORMITY AND UNIQUENESS OF THE UNIVERSE宇宙的均匀性和唯一性

16INFINITY无穷

17THE LAWS OF PHYSICS ARE PREDETERMINED物理法则，天生注定

18THEORIES OF ANYTHING包含任何可能性的“万金油理论”

19M-THEORY/STRING THEORY IS THE ONLY GAME IN TOWNM-理论、弦理论是唯一的选择

20STRING THEORY弦理论

21OUR WORLD HAS ONLY THREE SPACE DIMENSIONS我们的世界只有三维空间

22THE“NATURALNESS”ARGUMENT“自然性”观点

23THE COLLAPSE OF THE WAVE FUNCTION波函数的坍缩

24QUANTUM JUMPS量子跃迁

25ESSENTIALISM本质主义应该退出历史舞台

26CAUSE AND EFFECT因果之道

27RACE种族

28HUMAN NATURE人性

29THE URVOGEL第一只鸟

30NUMBERING NATURE给人类的本性编号

31HARDWIRED=PERMANENT木已成舟=永恒不变

32THE ATHEISM PREREQUISITE以无神论为前提

33EVOLUTION IS“TRUE”进化是“真实的”

34THERE IS NO REALITY IN THE QUANTUM WORLD量子世界里没有真实的存在

35SPACETIME时空

36THE UNIVERSE宇宙

37OUR NARROW DEFINITION OF“SCIENCE”“狭隘”的科学

38THE HIGGS PARTICLE CLOSES A CHAPTER IN PARTICLE PHYSICS希格斯玻色子找到了，粒子物理学就告一段落了

39AESTHETIC MOTIVATION爱美之心

40NATURALNESS, HIERARCHY, AND SPACETIME自然性、分级以及时空

41SCIENTISTS OUGHT TO KNOW EVERYTHING SCIENTIFICALLY KNOWABLE科学家应该无所不知

42FALSIFIABILITY可证伪性

43ANTI-ANECDOTALISM反轶事主义

44SCIENCE MAKES PHILOSOPHY OBSOLETE科学：哲学消亡之源

45“SCIENCE”“科学”

46THE HARD PROBLEM困难问题

47THE NEURAL CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS意识相关神经区

48LONG-TERM MEMORY IS IMMUTABLE长期记忆一成不变

49FULLY RANDOM MUTATIONS基因根本不会完全随机突变

50THE SELF自我

51COGNITIVE AGENCY认知能动性

52FREE WILL自由意志

53COMMON SENSE常识

54THERE CAN BE NO SCIENCE OF ART不可能有“艺术的科学”

55SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY科学与技术

56THINGS ARE EITHER TRUE OR FALSE事物非真即假

57SIMPLE ANSWERS简单的答案

58WE'LL NEVER HIT BARRIERS TO SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING科学认识无疆界

59LIFE EVOLVES VIA A SHARED GENETIC TOOLKIT生命进化之源：融合基因工具组

60BEHAVIOR=GENES+ENVIRONMENT行为=基因+环境？

61ONE GENOME PER INDIVIDUAL一人一套基因组

62NATURE VERSUS NURTURE先天与后天

63THE PARTICULARIST USE OF“A”GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION基因-环境交互作用的排他主义应用

64NATURAL SELECTION IS THE ONLY ENGINE OF EVOLUTION自然选择是进化的唯一源动力

65INNATENESS先天性

66MORAL BLANK-SLATEISM道德白板主义

67ASSOCIATIONISM联想主义

68RADICAL BEHAVIORISM激进行为主义

69“INSTINCT”AND“INNATE”“本能”与“天性”

70ALTRUISM利他主义

71THE ALTRUISM HIERARCHY利他主义的等级划分

72THE LINEAR NO-THRESHOLD（LNT）RADIATION DOSE HYPOTHESIS我们不能因为辐射而放弃核能

73HUMANS ARE BY NATURE SOCIAL ANIMALS人类天生是社会动物

74EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE循证医学

75LARGE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS大样本随机对照试验

76MULTIPLE REGRESSION AS A MEANS OF DISCOVERING CAUSALITY多元回归，发现因果关系的方法

77MOUSE MODELS小鼠模型

78THE SOMATIC MUTATION THEORY OF CANCER癌症体细胞变异理论

79UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR普遍语法

80A SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE SHOULD DEAL ONLY WITH“COMPETENCE”语言科学应当只关注“能力”

81LANGUAGES CONDITION WORLDVIEWS语言塑造了世界观

82THE STANDARD APPROACH TO MEANING意义研究的标准方法

83THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE不确定性原理

84BEWARE OF ARROGANCE！RETIRE NOTHING！莫自傲，前事不忘后事之师！

85ROBOT COMPANIONS机器人伙伴

86“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”“人工智能”

87BIG DATA大数据

88THE STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN地层柱状图

89THE HABITABLE-ZONE CONCEPT适居带

90THE MIND IS JUST THE BRAIN思维即大脑

91INTELLIGENCE AS A PROPERTY智能属性

92KNOWING IS HALF THE BATTLE认知是成功的一半

93INFORMATION OVERLOAD信息超载

94THE RATIONAL INDIVIDUAL理性个体

95HOMO ECONOMICUS理性经济人

96DON'T DISCARD WRONG THEORIES, JUST DON'T TREAT THEM AS TRUE保留错误理论但不当真

97THE COMPUTATIONAL METAPHOR大脑≠硬件，思维≠软件

98THE GRAND ANALOGY宏观类比

99GRANDMOTHER CELLS祖母细胞

100BRAIN MODULES大脑模块

101BIAS IS ALWAYS BAD偏见是否无益

102CARTESIAN HYDRAULICISM笛卡尔的身心水压式传递主义

103LEFT-BRAIN/RIGHT-BRAIN左脑？右脑？

104LEFT-BRAIN/RIGHT-BRAIN左右脑理论

105MOORE'S LAW摩尔定律

106THE CONTINUITY OF TIME时间的连续性

107THE INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL OF PERCEPTION AND ACTION知觉与行为的输入输出模型

108MALTHUSIANISM马尔萨斯人口论

109ECONOMIC GROWTH经济增长

110RATIONAL ACTOR MODELS：THE COMPETENCE COROLLARY理性行为者模型：能力推论

111THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS公地悲剧

112STATIONARITY平稳性

113STATIONARITY平稳性

114THE CARBON FOOTPRINT碳足迹

115UNBRIDLED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIMISM科学技术的极端乐观

116SCIENTISTS SHOULD STICK TO SCIENCE科学家只应固守科学

117NATURE=OBJECTS自然=客体？

118UNLIMITED AND ETERNAL GROWTH无限且永恒的发展

119SCIENTIFIC MORALITY科学道德

120SCIENCE IS SELF-CORRECTING科学的自我校正

121REPLICATION AS A SAFETY NET科学研究的“安全带”——可重复性理论

122SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURED AS“LITERATURE”科学知识作为“文献”的结构

123THE WAY WE PRODUCE AND ADVANCE SCIENCE创造科学进步的方法

124Allocating Funds via Peer Review通过同行评议才能申请到经费

125SOME QUESTIONS ARE TOO HARD FOR YOUNG SCIENTISTS TO TACKLE有些问题太难了，青年科学家解决不了

126ONLY SCIENTISTS CAN DO SCIENCE只有科学家可以做科学

127THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD科学研究方法

128BIG EFFECTS HAVE BIG EXPLANATIONS大影响都有大解释

129ROMANTIC LOVE AND ADDICTION浪漫的爱情和成瘾

130EMOTION IS PERIPHERAL情绪是外部的

131SCIENCE CAN MAXIMIZE OUR HAPPINESS科学可以让幸福最大化

132CULTURE文化

133CULTURE文化

134LEARNING AND CULTURE学习和文化

135“OUR”INTUITIONS“我们的”直觉

136WE'RE STONE AGE THINKERS我们是石器时代的思想家

137INCLUSIVE FITNESS广义适合度

138HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY EXCEPTIONALISM人类进化例外论

139ANIMAL MINDLESSNESS动物没有意识

140THE INTRINSIC BEAUTY AND ELEGANCE OF MATHEMATICS ALLOWS IT TO DESCRIBE NATURE数学之所以能用来描述自然，是因为它美丽而优雅？

141GEOMETRY几何

142CALCULUS微积分学

143COMPUTER SCIENCE计算机科学

144THE CLINICIAN'S LAW OF PARSIMONY临床医师的极简原理

145ESSENTIALIST VIEWS OF THE MIND意识的本质主义观点

146THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ANTISOCIALITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS反社会性与精神疾病之间的区别

147REPRESSION压抑理论

148MENTAL ILLNESS IS NOTHING BUT BRAIN ILLNESS精神疾病只不过是脑部疾病而已

149PSYCHOGENIC ILLNESS心因性疾病

150CRIME ENTAILS ONLY THE ACTIONS OF CRIMINALS犯罪仅仅是犯罪分子的行为

151MARKETS ARE BAD；MARKETS ARE GOOD市场：天使还是恶魔

152TRIUMPH BY REPLACING OLD ONES通过替换旧想法，新想法终将取得胜利

153SCIENCE ADVANCES BY FUNERALS只有通过“葬礼”，才能迎来科学的进步

154PLANCK'S CYNICAL VIEW OF SCIENTIFIC CHANGE普朗克关于科学进步愤世嫉俗的观点

155MAX PLANCK'S FAITH马克斯·普朗克的信仰

156THE ILLUSION OF CERTAINTY必然的幻觉

157STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE统计学显著性

158SCIENTIFIC INFERENCE VIA STATISTICAL RITUALS通过统计学方法进行科学推理

159THE POWER OF STATISTICS统计学的功效

160REPRODUCIBILITY再现性

161THE AVERAGE平均

162STANDARD DEVIATION标准偏差

163STATISTICAL INDEPENDENCE统计独立性

164OPPOSITES CAN’T BOTH BE RIGHT对立的两面不可能都对

165SCIENCE=BIG SCIENCE科学=大科学

166SADNESS IS ALWAYS BAD, HAPPINESS IS ALWAYS GOOD悲伤总是坏的，快乐总是好的

167PEOPLE ARE SHEEP人如绵羊

168BEAUTY IS IN THE EYES OF THE BEHOLDER美是情人眼里出西施

169HUMANIQUENESS人类独特性

170HUMAN BEING=HOMO SAPIENS人类=智人

171ANTHROPOCENTRICITY人类中心说

172TRUER PERCEPTIONS ARE FITTER PERCEPTIONS更真实的感知是适当的感知

173THE PURSUIT OF PARSIMONY极简的追求

174CERTAINTY. ABSOLUTE TRUTH.EXACTITUDE.确定性、绝对真理、正确性

175THE ILLUSION OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS科学进步的错觉

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