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Interspecific Interactions
Preface
CHAPTER ONE Ant-Plant Interactions
The Origin and Early Evolution of Ant-Plant Associations
Phylogenetic Associations
A Brief History of the Associations
Coevolution and Interspecific Interactions
CHAPTER TWO Antagonistic Interactions
Leaf-Cutting Ants (Grazing)
Seed-Harvesting Ants (Predation)
CHAPTER THREE Mutualism from Antagonism
The Reward: Elaiosomes
Seed Dispersal by Ants
Myrmecochory: Distribution and Significance Worldwide
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR Mutualism from Opportunism
The Reward: Fallen Fleshy Diaspores
Diaspore Attributes and Patterns of Ant Attendance
Ant Effects on Seeds and Seedlings
Directed Dispersal of Seeds by Ponerine Ants
Prospect
CHAPTER FIVE Mutualism from Antagonism
Pollination by Ants
Discouragement of Floral Visits by Ants
CHAPTER SIX Antagonism and Mutualism
The Pseudomyrmex-Acacia Association
Ants, Plants, and Food Bodies
Ant-Inhabited Plants Offering No Direct Food to Ants
Ants, Plants, and Extrafloral Nectaries
Plant Defensive Strategies and Induced Responses
The Nature of the Associations and the Importance of Conditionality
Topics for Future Consideration
CHAPTER SEVEN Antagonism and Mutualism
Ants, Plants, and Hemipterans
Variable Outcomes in Ant-Hemipteran Systems
The Effect of Ant-Hemiptera Interactions on Host Plants
Ant-Hemiptera Associations and the Evolution of Extrafloral Nectaries
CHAPTER EIGHT Nutrition of Plants by Ant Mutualists
Ant-Fed Plants
Ant Gardens
Conclusion
CHAPTER NINE Canopy-Dwelling Ants, Plant and Insect Exudates, and Ant Mosaics
Canopy Ants: Main Features and Trophic Role
The Competitive Environment
Ant Mosaics
Plant and Insect Exudates and Ant Community Structure
The Effect of Trophobiont Tenders on Associated Herbivores and on the Host Plant
CHAPTER TEN Variation in Ant-Plant Interactions
Temporal Variation
Spatial Variation
CHAPTER ELEVEN Ant-Plant Interactions in Agriculture
Agricultural Systems, Herbivores, and Ants
Ants as Biological Control Agents
Case Studies
Biological Control and Interspecific Interactions
CHAPTER TWELVE Overview and Perspectives
Literature Cited
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