Hands-On Blockchain with Hyperledger电子书

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Hands-On Blockchain with Hyperledger

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Foreword

Contributors

About the authors

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Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

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Conventions used

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Blockchain - Enterprise and Industry Perspective

Defining the terms – what is a blockchain?

Four core building blocks of blockchain framworks

Additional capabilities to consider

Fundamentals of the secure transaction processing protocol

Where blockchain technology has been and where it's going

The great divide

An economic model for blockchain delivery

Learning as we go

The promise of trust and accountability

Industries putting blockchain technology to work

Blockchain in the enterprise

What applications are a good fit?

How does the enterprise view blockchain?

Litmus testing to justify the application of blockchain technology

Integrating a blockchain infrastructure for the whole enterprise

Enterprise design principles

Business drivers and evolution

Ensuring sustainability

The principles that drive blockchain adoption

Business considerations for choosing a blockchain framework

Technology considerations for choosing a blockchain framework

Identity management

Scalability

Enterprise security

Development tooling

Crypto-economic models

Decentralization with systemic governance

Enterprise support

Use case-driven pluggability choices

Shared ledger technology

Consensus

Crypto algorithms and encryption technology

Use case-driven pluggable choices

Enterprise integration and designing for extensibility

Other considerations

Consensus, ACID property, and CAP

CAP

ACID

Attestation – SSCs are signed and encrypted

Use of HSMs

Summary

Exploring Hyperledger Fabric

Building on the foundations of open computing

Fundamentals of the Hyperledger project

The Linux Foundation

Hyperledger

Open source and open standards

Hyperledger frameworks, tools, and building blocks

Hyperledger frameworks

Hyperledger tools

The building blocks of blockchain solutions

Hyperledger Fabric component design

Principles of Hyperledger design

CAP Theorem

Hyperledger Fabric reference architecture

Hyperledger Fabric runtime architecture

Strengths and advantages of componentized design

Hyperledger Fabric – the journey of a sample transaction

Hyperledger Fabric explored

Components in a blockchain network

Developer interaction

Understanding governance in business networks powered by blockchain

Governance structure and landscape

Information technology governance

Blockchain network governance

Business network governance

Summary

Setting the Stage with a Business Scenario

Trading and letter of credit

The importance of trust in facilitating trade

The letter of credit process today

Business scenario and use case

Overview

Real-world processes

Simplified and modified processes

Terms used in trade finance and logistics

Shared process workflow

Shared assets and data

Participants' roles and capabilities

Benefits of blockchain applications over current real-world processes

Setting up the development environment

Designing a network

Installing prerequisites

Forking and cloning the trade-finance-logistics repository

Creating and running a network configuration

Preparing the network

Generating network cryptographic material

Generating channel artifacts

Generating the configuration in one operation

Composing a sample trade network

Network components' configuration files

Launching a sample trade network

Summary

Designing a Data and Transaction Model with Golang

Starting the chaincode development

Compiling and running chaincode

Installing and instantiating chaincode

Invoking chaincode

Creating a chaincode

The chaincode interface

Setting up the chaincode file

The Invoke method

Access control

ABAC

Registering a user

Enrolling a user

Retrieving user identities and attributes in chaincode

Implementing chaincode functions

Defining chaincode assets

Coding chaincode functions

Creating an asset

Reading and modifying an asset

Main function

Testing chaincode

SHIM mocking

Testing the Init method

Testing the Invoke method

Running tests

Chaincode design topics

Composite keys

Range queries

State queries and CouchDB

Indexes

ReadSet and WriteSet

Multiversion concurrency control

Logging output

Configuration

Logging API

SHIM logging levels

Stdout and stderr

Additional SHIM API functions

Summary

Exposing Network Assets and Transactions

Building a complete application

The nature of a Hyperledger Fabric application

Application and transaction stages

Application model and architecture

Building the application

Middleware – wrapping and driving the chaincode

Installation of tools and dependencies

Prerequisites for creating and running the middleware

Installation of dependencies

Creating and running the middleware

Network configuration

Endorsement policy

User records

Client registration and enrollment

Creating a channel

Joining a channel

Installation of chaincode

Instantiation of chaincode

Invoking the chaincode

Querying the chaincode

Completing the loop – subscribing to blockchain events

Putting it all together

User application – exporting the service and API

Applications

User and session management

Designing an API

Creating and launching a service

User and session management

Network administration

Exercising the application

User/client interaction modes

Testing the Middleware and Application

Integration with existing systems and processes

Design considerations

Decentralization

Process alignment

Message affinity

Service discovery

Identity mapping

Integration design pattern

Enterprise system integration

Integrating with an existing system of record

Integrating with an operational data store

Microservice and event-driven architecture

Considering reliability, availability, and serviceability

Reliability

Availability

Serviceability

Summary

Business Networks

A busy world of purposeful activity

Why a language for business networks?

Defining business networks

A deeper idea

Introducing participants

Types of participant

Individual participants

Organizational participants

System or device participants

Participants are agents

Participants and identity

Introducing assets

Assets flow between participants

Tangible and intangible assets

The structure of assets

Ownership is a special relationship

Asset life cycles

Describing asset's life cycles in detail with transactions

Introducing transactions

Change as a fundamental concept

Transaction definition and instance

Implicit and explicit transactions

The importance of contracts

Signatures

Smart contracts for multi-party transaction processing

Digital transaction processing

Initiating transactions

Transaction history

Transaction streams

Separating transactions into different business networks

Transaction history and asset states

A business network as a history of transactions

Regulators and business networks

Discussing events from the perspective of designing a business network using Composer

A universal concept

Messages carry event notifications

An example to illustrate event structure

Events and transactions

External versus explicit events

Events cause participants to act

Loosely coupled design

The utility of events

Implementing a business network

The importance of de-materialization

Blockchain benefits for B2B and EDI

Participants that interact with the blockchain

Accessing the business network with APIs

A 3-tier systems architecture

Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Composer

Summary

A Business Network Example

The letter of credit sample

Installing the sample

Running the sample

Step 1 – preparing to request a letter of credit

Step 2 – requesting a letter of credit

Step 3 – importing bank approval

Step 4 – exporting bank approval

Step 5 – letter received by exporter

Step 6 – shipment

Step 7 – goods received

Step 8 – payment

Step 9 – closing the letter

Step 10 – Bob receives payment

Recapping the process

Analyzing the letter of credit process

The Playground

Viewing the business network

A description of the business network

The participant descriptions

The asset descriptions

The transaction descriptions

The event descriptions

A model of the business network

Namespaces

Enumerations

Asset definitions

Participant definitions

Concept definitions

Transaction definitions

Event definitions

Examining the live network

Examining a letter of credit instance

Examining participant instances

Examining transaction instances

Submitting a new transaction to the network

Understanding how transactions are implemented

Creating business network APIs

SWAGGER API definitions

Querying the network using SWAGGER

Testing the network from the command line

Creating a new letter using SWAGGER

Network cards and wallets

Access-control lists

Summary

Agility in a Blockchain Network

Defining the promotion process

Smart contract considerations

Integration layer considerations

Promotion process overview

Configuring a continuous integration pipeline

Customizing the pipeline process

Local build

Configuring Travis CI

Customizing the pipeline using .travis.yml

Publishing our smart contract package

Configuring your Git repository

Setting the code owners of our smart contract

Sample content of the CODEOWNERS

Protecting the master branch

Configuring Git for commit signing and validation

Configuring GPG on your local workstation

Testing the end-to-end process

Creating a new transaction

Pushing a commit to the master branch directly

Submitting a pull request with an unsigned commit

Adding test cases

Submitting a pull request with a signed commit

Adding the mergeAssets unit test

Releasing the new version

Updating the network

Notifying the consortium

Upgrading the business network

Downloading a new version

Updating the business network

Summary

Life in a Blockchain Network

Modifying or upgrading a Hyperledger Fabric application

Fabric blockchain and application life cycle

Channel configuration updates

Prerequisites for adding a new organization to the network

Generating network cryptographic material

Generating channel artifacts

Generating the configuration and network components in one operation

Launching the network components for the new organization

Updating the channel configuration

Adding the new organization to the network

Smart contract and policy updates

Modification in chaincode logic

Dependency upgrades in chaincode

Ledger resetting

Endorsement policy update

Upgrading chaincode and endorsement policy on the trade channel

Platform upgrades

System monitoring and performance

Measurement and analytics

What should we measure or understand in a Fabric application

Blockchain applications vis-à-vis traditional transaction processing applications

Metrics for performance analysis

Measurement and data collection in a Fabric application

Collecting health and capacity information

Profiling containers and applications

Measuring application performance

Fabric engineering guidelines for performance

Platform performance characteristics

System bottlenecks

Configuration and tuning

Ledger data availability and caching

Redundant committing peer

Data caching

Fabric performance measurement and benchmarking

Summary

Governance, Necessary Evil of Regulated Industries

Decentralization and governance

Exploring the business models

Blockchain benefits

Supply chain management

Healthcare

Finance – letter of credit

From benefits to profits

Network business model

Founder-led network

Consortium-based network

Community-based network

Hybrid models

Joint venture

New corporation

Role of governance in a business network

Business domains and processes

Membership life cycle

Funding and fees

Regulation

Education

Service life cycle

Disputes

Governance structure

Centralized governance

Strategic governance

Operational governance

Tactical governance

Decentralized governance

Governance and the IT solution

Managed on-boarding

Summary

Hyperledger Fabric Security

Hyperledger Fabric design goals impacting security

Hyperledger Fabric architecture

Fabric CA or membership service provider

Peer

Smart contract or chaincode

Ledger

Private data

Ordering service

Network bootstrap and governance – the first step towards security

Creating the network

Adding new members

Deploying and updating chaincode

Data model

Strong identities – the key to the security of the Hyperledger Fabric network

Bootstrapping Fabric CA

Register

Default Fabric roles

Enroll

Which crypto protocols are allowed in certificate signing requests?

Revoking identities

Practical considerations in managing users in Fabric CA

Chaincode security

How is chaincode shared with other endorsing peers?

Who can install chaincode?

Chaincode encryption

Attribute-based access control

Pros and cons of attribute-based access control

Common threats and how Hyperledger Fabric mitigates them

Transaction privacy in Hyperledger Fabric

Channels

Private data

Encrypting transaction data

Hyperledger Fabric and Quantum Computing

General data protection regulation (GDPR) considerations

Summary

The Future of Blockchain and the Challenges Ahead

Summary of key Hyperledger projects

Hyperledger framework – business blockchain technology

Hyperledger tools

Hyperledger Composer

The road ahead for Blockchain

Addressing the divide – the enterprise blockchain and crypto asset-driven ecosystem

Interoperability – understanding business service integration

Scalability and economic viability of the blockchain solution

Staying engaged with the Hyperledger blockchain

Summary

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