The Physics and Technology of Diagnostic Ultrasound: A Practitioner's Guide电子书

Title page

Copyright

Foreword

Chapter 1: Introduction

Introductory comments

Physics and mathematics

Mathematics - a brief review

Equations

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Units

Scientific notation

Logarithms

Decibels

Reality checking answers

Exercises

Chapter 2: Ultrasound interaction with tissue

Ultrasound waves and propagation

Frequency analysis

Attenuation

Reflection and scattering

Reflection

Scattering

Refraction

Chapter 3: Pulsed ultrasound and imaging

Pulsed ultrasound

Pulse duration and bandwidth

Pulse repetition frequency (PRF)

Pulse echo principle

Pulse repetition frequency limitations

Frame rate limitations

Principles of image formation

A, B and M mode

Chapter 4: Transducers

Transducer principles

Focussing

Array transducers

Beams, image quality and artifacts

Beamwidth

Slice thickness

Sidelobes

Grating lobes

Chapter 5: Ultrasound instrumentation

Introductory comments

The machine's front end

Probe

Transmitter

Beamformer

Amplifier

Signal processing

TGC

Digitisation

Filter

Amplitude detection

Dynamic range compression

Image processing

Scan converter

Pre-processing

Image memory

Post-processing

Display

Image storage and recording

Chapter 6: Image artifacts

Introductory comments

Imaging assumptions

Attenuation artifacts

Shadowing

Enhancement

Edge shadowing

Depth artifacts

Propagation speed artifact

Reverberation artifact

Ring-down artifact

Comet-tail artifact

Beam dimension artifacts

Beamwidth artifact

Sidelobe artifact

Slice thickness artifact

Beam path artifacts

Refraction artifact

Mirror image artifact

Equipment and electrical artifacts

Summary

Chapter 7: Doppler ultrasound

The Doppler effect and its applications in ultrasound

The Doppler angle

Measurement accuracy

Continuous wave (CW) Doppler

Pulsed Doppler

Spectral display

Colour Doppler

Power mode colour Doppler

Doppler Tissue Imaging

Chapter 8: Doppler artifacts

Spectral Doppler artifacts

Frequency aliasing

"High PRF" mode and range ambiguity

Intrinsic spectral broadening

Spectral mirror artifact

Mirror image artifact

Other spectral Doppler artifacts

Colour Doppler artifacts

Colour aliasing

Colour dropout

Colour bleed

Angle effects

Mirror image

Twinkle artifact

Chapter 9: Haemodynamic concepts

Cardiovascular system

Blood flow and blood pressure

Stenotic disease

Velocity waveform

Velocity profile

Venous disease

Chapter 10: Equipment performance

Introductory comments

Spatial resolution

Axial resolution

Lateral resolution

Contrast resolution

Temporal resolution

Assessing equipment performance

Imaging performance

Doppler performance

Summary

Chapter 11: Bioeffects and safety

Is ultrasound safe?

Mechanisms

Thermal bioeffects

Mechanical bioeffects

Characterising ultrasound exposure

Government regulation

Policies and statements

Summary

Chapter 12: Additional modes and capabilities

Introductory comments

Compound imaging

Harmonics

Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI)

Contrast harmonics

Harmonic signal processing

Ultrasound contrast agents

3D and 4D ultrasound

Extended field of view

Image optimisation

Image manipulation

Elastography

Summary

Answers to mathematical exercises

About the author

Acknowledgements