多孔材料：制备·应用·表征=Porous materials：processing and applications：英文电子书

内容简介

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

PREFACE

CHAPTER ONE General Introduction to Porous Materials

1.1 ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS FOR POROUS MATERIALS

1.2 MAIN GROUPS OF POROUS MATERIALS

1.3 POROUS METALS

1.3.1 Powder-Sintering Type

1.3.2 Fiber-Sintering Type

1.3.3 Melt-Casting Type

1.3.4 Metal-Deposition Type

1.3.5 Directional-Solidification Type

1.3.6 Composite Type

1.4 POROUS CERAMICS

1.4.1 Classifying Porous Ceramics

1.4.2 Characteristics of Porous Ceramics

1.5 POLYMER FOAMS

1.5.1 Classifying Polymer Foams

1.5.2 Characteristics of Polymer Foams

1.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWO Making Porous Metals

2.1 POWDER METALLURGY

2.1.1 Preparation of Metal Powders

2.1.2 Molding of the Porous Body

2.1.3 Sintering of the Porous Body

2.2 FIBER SINTERING

2.2.1 Preparation of Metal Fibers

2.2.2 Preparation of Porous Bodies

2.2.3 Electrode Plate with Porous Metal Fibers

2.3 METALLIC MELT FOAMING

2.3.1 Preparation of Porous Bodies

2.3.2 Technical Problems and Solutions

2.3.3 Case Studies on Porous Aluminum Preparation

2.4 GAS INJECTION INTO THE METALLIC MELT

2.5 INFILTRATION CASTING

2.6 METAL DEPOSITION

2.6.1 Vapor Deposition

2.6.2 Electrodeposition

2.6.3 Reaction Deposition

2.7 HOLLOW BALL SINTERING

2.7.1 Preparation of Hollow Balls

2.7.2 Preparation of Porous Bodies

2.7.3 Fe-Cr Alloy Porous Products

2.8 PREPARATION OF THE DIRECTIONAL POROUS METAL

2.8.1 Solid-Gas Eutectic Solidification

2.8.2 Directional Solidification

2.9 OTHER METHODS

2.9.1 Powder Melting Foaming

2.9.2 Investment Casting

2.9.3 Self-Propagating, High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)

2.10 PREPARATION OF POROUS METAL COMPOSITES

2.11 SPECIAL PROCESSING OF POROUS METALS

2.12 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THREE Application of Porous Metals

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 Functional Applications

3.1.2 Structural Applications

3.2 FILTATION AND SEPARATION

3.2.1 Industrial Filtration

3.2.2 Gas Purification

3.3 SOUND ABSORPTION

3.3.1 Sound Absorption Mechanism of Metal Foams

3.3.2 Influence Factor of Sound Absorption

3.3.3 Metal Foam with Improved Sound Absorption

3.3.4 Applications

3.3.5 The Model for Calculation of Sound Absorption Coefficient

3.4 HEAT EXCHANGE

3.4.1 Heat Exchanger

3.4.2 Heat Radiator

3.4.3 Heat Tube

3.4.4 Resistance Heater

3.4.5 Composite Phase Transformation Materials

3.4.6 Cooling Materials

3.5 POROUS ELECTRODE

3.5.1 Nickel Foam

3.5.2 Pb Foam

3.5.3 Fuel Cell

3.6 APPLICATION IN TRANSPORTATION

3.6.1 Light Structure

3.6.2 Absorption of Impact Energy

3.6.3 Noise Control

3.6.4 Other Options

3.7 APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY AND IATROLOGY

3.7.1 Applicability of Materials

3.7.2 Mechanical Requirements

3.7.3 Ti Foam

3.7.4 Ta and Stainless Steel Foams

3.7.5 Gradient Structure and Composite

3.7.6 Mechanism of Bone Formation

3.8 OTHER APPLICATIONS

3.8.1 Energy Absorption and Vibration Control

3.8.2 Electromagnetic Shielding

3.8.3 Fighting Flames

3.8.4 Mechanical Parts

3.8.5 Building Materials

3.8.6 Catalytic Reactions

3.9 SOME APPLICATION ILLUSTRATIONS FOR REFRACTORY METAL POROUS PRODUCTS

3.9.1 W Foam

3.9.2 Ta Foam

3.9.3 Mo Foam

3.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FOUR Special Porous Metals

4.1 AMORPHOUS METAL FOAMS (AMFs)

4.2 GRADIENT POROUS METALS

4.3 POROUS METALLIC LATTICE MATERIALS

4.4 NANOPOROUS METAL FOAMS (NMFs)

4.5 POROUS METALLIC FILMS AND THIN FILMS CARRIED ON METAL FOAMS

4.5.1 Porous Metallic Films

4.5.2 Thin Films Carried on Metal Foam

4.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FIVE Fabricating Porous Ceramics

5.1 PARTICLE STACKING SINTERING

5.2 APPENDING PORE-FORMING AGENT

5.2.1 Addition of Pore-Forming Material in Powders

5.2.2 Slurry with Pore-Forming Agent

5.3 POLYMERIC SPONGE IMPREGNATION PROCESS

5.3.1 The Selection of Organic Foam and the Pretreatment

5.3.2 Ceramic Slurry Preparation and Impregnating

5.3.3 Drying and Sintering of Green Bodies

5.3.4 Progress of Organic Foam Impregnating in Slurry

5.3.5 The Obtainment of the Ceramic Foam with High Strength

5.4 FOAMING PROCESS

5.4.1 Green Body Foaming

5.4.2 Slurry Foaming

5.4.3 Evaluation of the Processing

5.5 SOL-GEL METHOD

5.5.1 Different Templates

5.5.2 Example of Preparation of Porous Ceramics

5.6 NEW PROCESSING OF POROUS CERAMICS

5.6.1 Gel Casting

5.6.2 Wood Ceramics

5.6.3 Freeze-Drying Method

5.6.4 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS)

5.6.5 Hollow-Sphere Sintering

5.6.6 Other Processes

5.7 THE PREPARATION OF NEW TYPES OF POROUS CERAMIC

5.7.1 Hydrophobic Porous Ceramics

5.7.2 Ceramic Foam with Gradient Pores

5.7.3 Fiber-porous Ceramics

5.7.4 Slender Porous Ceramic Tubes

5.7.5 Porous Ceramics with Directionally Arrayed Pores

5.7.6 Porous Ceramic Powder

5.8 PREPARATION OF POROUS CERAMIC MEMBRANES

5.8.1 Sol-gel

5.8.2 Other Methods

5.8.3 Preparation Examples for Porous Ceramic Membranes

5.8.4 A Porous TiO Film with Submicropores

5.9 POROUS CERAMIC COMPOSITES

5.10 CERAMIC HONEYCOMBS

5.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER SIX Applications of Porous Ceramics

6.1 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION

6.1.1 Filtration of Molten Metals

6.1.2 Hot Gas Filtration

6.1.3 Microfiltration

6.1.4 Fluid Separation

6.1.5 Parameters of Separation and Filtration

6.2 FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS

6.2.1 Biological Materials

6.2.2 Ecomaterials (Environmental Materials)

6.2.3 Heat Insulation and Exchange

6.2.4 Sound Absorption and Damping

6.2.5 Sensors (Sensing Elements)

6.3 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

6.3.1 Catalyst Carriers

6.3.2 Porous Electrodes and Membranes

6.3.3 Ion Exchange and Desiccants

6.3.4 Gas Introduction

6.4 COMBUSTION AND FIRE RETARDANCE

6.4.1 Combustor

6.4.2 Flame Arrester

6.5 OVERALL COMMENTS ON THE APPLICATION OF POROUS CERAMICS

6.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER SEVEN Producing Polymer Foams

7.1 THE FOAMING MECHANISM OF PLASTIC FOAM

7.1.1 Raw Materials

7.1.2 Foaming Methods

7.1.3 Formation of Bubble Nuclei

7.1.4 Growth of Bubbles

7.1.5 Stabilization and Solidification of the Foamed Body

7.1.6 The Foaming of Some Plastics

7.2 MOLDING PROCESS FOR POLYMER FOAMS

7.2.1 Extrusion Foaming

7.2.2 Injection Molding

7.2.3 Pour Foaming

7.2.4 Mold Pressing

7.2.5 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)

7.2.6 Rotation Foaming

7.2.7 Hollow Blowing

7.2.8 Microwave Sintering

7.3 FLAME-RETARDANT POLYMER FOAM

7.3.1 Anti-flaming

7.3.2 Common Flame-Retarding Plastic Foams

7.4 PROGRESS OF PLASTIC FOAM PREPARATION

7.4.1 Modification of Traditional Foamed Plastics

7.4.2 Microcellular Plastics

7.4.3 Sound-Absorbing Plastic Foams

7.4.4 Biodegradable Foamed Plastics

7.4.5 Reinforced Foamed Plastic

7.4.6 Posttreatment of Foamed Plastics

7.4.7 Plant Oil–based Plastic Foams

7.4.8 PU Plastic Foam

7.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER EIGHT Applications of Polymer Foams

8.1 THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS

8.1.1 Factors Affecting Thermal Insulation Performance

8.1.2 Thermal Insulation and Energy Saving Construction

8.2 PACKAGING MATERIALS

8.3 SOUND-ABSORBING MATERIALS

8.3.1 Product Features

8.3.2 Sound Absorption Principles and Mechanisms

8.3.3 PU foam

8.4 SEPARATION AND ENRICHMENT

8.4.1 Working Principles

8.4.2 Modification Application

8.4.3 Enrichment of Organic Poisonous Matters

8.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS

8.5.1 Dust Arrestment

8.5.2 Structural Materials

8.5.3 Fireproofing Technology and Active Explosion Suppression

8.5.4 Buoyancy

8.6 APPLICATIONS OF TYPICAL KINDS OF POLYMER FOAM

8.6.1 Thermosetting Polymer Foams

8.6.2 Thermoplastic General Polymer Foams

8.6.3 Engineering Thermoplastic Foams

8.6.4 High-Temperature-Resistant Polymer Foams (Using Temperatures Higher than 200℃)

8.6.5 Functional Polymer Foams

8.6.6 Other Polymer Foams

8.7 NEW, FUNCTIONAL POLYMER FOAMS

8.7.1 Microcellular Plastics

8.7.2 Magnetic Polymer Foams

8.7.3 Porous, Self-Lubricating Plastics

8.8 OVERALL APPLICATION REVIEW OF POLYMER FOAMS

8.9 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER NINE Characterization Methods: Basic Factors

9.1 POROSITY

9.1.1 Basic Mathematical Relationship

9.1.2 Microscopic Analysis

9.1.3 Mass-Volume Direct Calculation

9.1.4 Soaking Medium

9.1.5 Vacuum Dipping

9.1.6 Floating

9.2 PORE SIZE

9.2.1 Microscopic Analysis

9.2.2 Bubble Method

9.2.3 Penetrant Method

9.2.4 Gas Permeation

9.2.5 Liquid-Liquid Method

9.2.6 Gas Adsorption

9.3 PORE MORPHOLOGY

9.3.1 Microobservation Method

9.3.2 X-Ray Tomography

9.3.3 Potential Examination by DC of Pore Defects

9.3.4 Other Methods

9.4 SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA

9.4.1 Gas Adsorption Method (BET Method)

9.4.2 Fluid Penetrant Method

9.5 MERCURY INTRUSION METHOD

9.5.1 Principle of Mercury Intrusion

9.5.2 Measurement of Pore Size and Distribution

9.5.3 Measurement of Specific Surface Area

9.5.4 Measurement of Apparent Density and Porosity

9.5.5 Experimental Instrument for Mercury Intrusion

9.5.6 Measurement Error Analysis and Treatment

9.5.7 Scope of Application

9.5.8 Comparison of the Different Methods [7]

9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TEN Characterization Methods: Physical Properties

10.1 SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT

10.1.1 Characterization of Sound Absorbability

10.1.2 Measurement of the Sound Absorption Coefficient

10.1.3 Analysis and Discussion

10.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

10.2.1 Characterization of Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity

10.2.2 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity

10.2.3 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity for Porous Materials

10.2.4 Evaluation of Performance

10.3 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY/ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

10.3.1 Four-Probe Method

10.3.2 Double Bridge Method

10.3.3 Potentiometer Method

10.3.4 Eddy Method

10.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

INDEX