Apache Tomcat 7 Essentials电子书

Apache Tomcat 7 Essentials

Table of Contents

Apache Tomcat 7 Essentials

Credits

About the Author

Acknowledgement

About the Reviewers

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Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Errata

Piracy

Questions

1. Installation of Tomcat 7

History of Tomcat

Tomcat support matrix

Features and enhancements of Apache Tomcat 7

Web application memory leak detection and prevention

Servlet 3.0

Improved logging

Aliases

Installation of Tomcat 7

How to download the Tomcat software

Binary package

RPM/exe

Source

Prerequisites for the Tomcat 7 installation

Installation of Java

Installation of Java in Linux

Installation of Java in Windows

Configuration of OS environment variables

What is JAVA_HOME?

Setting the JAVA_HOME and PATH variable in Windows

Setting the global path variable in Windows

Setting the JAVA_HOME and the PATH environment variable in Linux

Installation of Apache Tomcat 7

Installation on a Windows environment

Installation on a Linux environment

Startup and shutdown of Tomcat services

Services in Windows

Services in Linux

Startup script

Shutdown script

Verification of Tomcat status

Common problems and troubleshooting in installation

Error: Permission denied for the Java binary

Error: Tomcat is not able to find JAVA_HOME

Error: Error in the logs showing port already in use

Summary

2. Configuration and Deployment

Configuration files and their usage

Configuration of Tomcat 7

DataSource configuration

JDBC

JNDI

DataSource

DataSource for Oracle

DataSource for MySQL

DataSource for PostgreSQL

Comparison of the datasource for common databases

Tomcat Manager configuration

Enabling the Tomcat Manager

Context path

Enabling the context path

GUI using the Tomcat Web Application Manager

Command-line configuration in server.xml

Deployment in Tomcat 7

Structure of the WebArchive

Archive Files

Exploded archive directories

Deployment operations

Types of deployment

Ways of application deployment in Tomcat 7

Common issues in deployment, configuration, and their troubleshooting

Summary

3. Performance Tuning

Performance tuning for Tomcat 7

Why we need performance tuning?

How to start performance tuning

Tomcat components tuning

Types of connectors for Tomcat 7

Java HTTP Connector

Java AJP Connector

APR (AJP/HTTP) Connector

Thread optimization for Tomcat 7

Shared thread pool (shared executor)

Dedicated thread pool

Shared thread pool versus dedicated thread pool

maxThreads

maxKeepAlive

JVM tuning

Why do we need to tune the JDK for Tomcat?

JMAP (Memory Map)

Syntax for jmap

How to increase the heap size in Tomcat 7

Garbage collection

How garbage collection works

JVM options

Standard options

Non-standard options

Parameters displayed in the logs for GC

SurvivorRatio

OS tuning

Summary

4. Integration of Tomcat with the Apache Web Server

User request flow (web/application level)

Why the Apache HTTP server

Installation of the Apache HTTP

Apache HTTP installation on Windows

How to monitor the Apache service

Installation of Apache HTTP on Linux (non-DOS environment)

Apache Portable Runtime

Installation of APR/APR-util

Apache Jserv protocol

Installation and configuration of mod_jk

Installation of mod_jk

Configuration of mod_jk in Apache

mod_proxy configuration

Comparison between mod_jk and mod_proxy

IIS integration with Tomcat 7

Prerequisites

Steps for installation

Common issues and troubleshooting for integration

Summary

5. Securing Tomcat 7

Tomcat Manager

Tomcat security permissions

catalina.properties

catalina.policy

System Code permissions

Catalina Code permissions (Tomcat core permission)

Web application permissions

tomcat-users.xml

server.xml

Enabling Tomcat Manager

How to enable the Tomcat Manager

Securing Tomcat 7 for production

Tomcat settings

Connector Port

Slimming of Tomcat application

Disable hot deployment

Non-Tomcat settings

Service as a separate user

Firewall

Password

SSL configuration on Tomcat 7

Types of SSL certificates

Process of installing SSL

Summary

6. Logging in Tomcat 7

JULI

Loggers, appenders, and layouts

Types of logging in Tomcat 7

Application log

Server log

Console log

Access log

Host manager

Types of log levels in Tomcat 7

Log4j

Log level for log4j

How to use log4j

Log level mapping

Values for Tomcat 7

Log analysis

Helpful commands for log analysis

Summary

7. Troubleshooting in Tomcat

Common problem areas for web administrators

How to troubleshoot a problem

Slowness issue in applications

How to solve slowness issues in Tomcat 7

User end troubleshooting

Web server troubleshooting

Tomcat 7 troubleshooting

Troubleshooting at the database level

Telnet DB server IP port

JVM analysis in the Tomcat instance

How to obtain a thread dump in Tomcat 7

Thread dump using Kill command

Thread dump using jstack

How to analyze the thread dump for Tomcat instance

Thread dump analysis using Samurai

Thread dump analysis using the Thread Dump Analyzer

Errors and their solutions

JVM (memory) issues

Out of Memory exception

OutOfMemoryError: PermGen space

Stack over flow exception

Database-related issues

Broken pipe exception

Timeout waiting for an idle object

Database connectivity exception

Web server benchmarking

ApacheBench

JMeter

Summary

8. Monitoring and Management of Tomcat 7

Different ways of monitoring

Monitoring setup for a web application and database server

Tomcat Manager in Tomcat 7

Monitoring in Tomcat 7

Summary of the Server Status of Tomcat 7

Complete Server Status of Tomcat 7

Application List

JVM

Connections on the HTTP port (8080)

Connections on the AJP

JConsole configuration on Tomcat 7

Remote JMX enabling

How to connect to the JConsole

Different tabs for the JConsole and their features

Memory overview

Threads overview

VM Summary and Overview

MBeans

Types of MBeans

Summary

9. Clustering in Tomcat 7

What is a cluster?

Benefits of clustering

Disadvantages of clustering

Clustering architecture

Vertical clustering

Advantages of vertical clustering

Disadvantages of vertical clustering

Horizontal clustering

Advantages of horizontal clustering

Disadvantages of horizontal clustering

Vertical clustering in Apache Tomcat 7

Installation of the Tomcat instance

Configuration of a vertical cluster

Configuration of instance 1

Configuration of instance 2

Apache web server configuration for vertical clustering

Horizontal clustering in Apache Tomcat 7

Installation of the Tomcat instance

Configuration of the cluster

Configuration of instance 1

Configuration of instance 2

Apache web server configuration for horizontal clustering

Testing of the clustered instance

Monitoring of Tomcat clustering

Summary

10. Tomcat Upgrade

Different types of environment

Development environment

Quality Assurance environment

Staging environment

Production environment

Life cycle of the upgrade

Tomcat upgrade from 6 to 7

Prerequisites for Tomcat 7

Installation of Tomcat 7 for the upgrade

Configuration of Tomcat 7

JVM configuration

Database connection settings

Application migration

Alias configuration

ITIL process implementation

Availability management

Capacity management

Service Transition

Summary

11. Advanced Configuration for Apache Tomcat 7

Virtual hosting

Name-based virtual hosting

IP-based virtual hosting

Virtual hosting in Tomcat 7

Hostname aliases

Multiple applications hosting on a single Tomcat 7 instance

Multiple Tomcat environments—Development/QA/Stage/Production

Tuning cache

Optimization of Tomcat 7

Running Tomcat 7 as a non privileged user

Summary

Index