意向性问题是当代科学哲学和认知科学所探究的中心和关键，然而，传统的意向性观念和研究方法显然不能适应发展日益迅猛的现代科学。意向性不仅是一个哲学概念，更是个科学概念。作者立足于美国认知科学家塞尔的意向性理论，探讨人类意向性系统如何在决策中运作，提出了个体决策的意向状态均衡假说和意向状态的弹性理论，分析了意向性的信息特征，并初步探讨了集体意向性在集体决策中的影响。本书选择决策论的分析视角，用数理逻辑和数量经济学方法，在理论上揭示了人类决策行为中意向性数量关系变化的规律性，在方法论上为意向性研究提供了数量分析的方法，在应用上为改进人工智能决策和公共政策制定服务。

宇宙万物以“通天一气”的元气为物质演化*终本原物质；宇宙任何相对独立的演化单元或演化系统，均围绕一个“致中和”的核心或核心轴，以“一阴一阳之谓道”向着两个具有对待属性的方向而演化；并以“四象三元”揭示出的每一变化时空单元的象数与象类比4:3为统一的演化模板，以象数演化公式s1=4n演化事物对待现象的数量（象数），象类演化公式s2=2n+1演化事物对待统一的分类（象类）。象数是偶数、象类是奇数的“象偶类奇”规律，揭示了宇宙万物演化对待统一的分类本质。

《理想国》是柏拉图创作的哲学对话体著作。全书以苏格拉底之口，通过与其他人对话的方式，设计了一个真、善、美相统一的政体，即可以达到公正的理想国。 书中讨论的大多数问题都和日常生活密切相关，如优生学问题、节育问题、家庭解体问题、婚姻自由问题、独身问题、宗教问题、道德问题、文艺问题、教育问题，以及男女平权、男女参政、男女参军等问题，几乎都是普通人一生中会遇到的各种问题。其思想博大精深，几乎代表了整个希腊的文化，被英国评为*影响力的20本学术书之一。

看人生贫富之真相，明改造命运之方法，融会儒释道三家思想，展现五千年文明智慧。 《了凡四训》是明朝袁了凡先生所作的家训，融汇了中国传统儒释道三家思想的精华。佛之慈悲，道之空灵，儒之世，结合起来，成为完美的中国智慧。 清朝曾国藩读完《了凡四训》，改号“涤生”。涤者，取涤其旧染之污也；生者，取明袁了凡之言，“从前种种，譬如昨日死；从后种种，譬如今日生。”并将此书列为子侄的人生智慧之书。 内心的强大，不仅需要丰富的知识，更需要谨严慎思的德行，明白这些，烦躁和困扰也就迎刃而解。

Bu alma ilk olarak ekim 2007`de bir internet sitesinde (exlibrary.com) e-kitap formunda yaymland; daha sonra birinci kitabmn ikinci blümünde yer ald. Bu almay tekrar gzden geirip küük baz düzeltmeler yaptm. Bu kitapn ilham kayna Thomas Nagel’in “Her ey Ne Anlama Geliyor” balkl eseridir. 70 sayfalk bu küük ama youn kitab okuduumda hayran olmutum. Nagel almasnn giri blümünde unlar yazm: “Günümüzün ve gemiin büyük filozoflarndan seilmi metinler ieren birok harika giri el kitab vardr. Elinizdeki bu küük kitap onlarn yerine geecek türden bir kitap deildir. Onun, yalnzca, konuya olabildii kadar ak ve dorudan bir ilk deerlendirme sunmasn umuyorum.” Ben de aynsn umarak bu almaya ykündüm ve ortaya bu be deneme kt. Daha nce yaymlanm bu denemelerin yeniden yaymlanmasnn anlam hakl olarak sorulabilir. Ben de derim ki belki yeni baz okurlarn ilgisini ekebilir belki de yeniden okunabilir. Bu sefer de neden yeniden okunsun ki diyenler kabilir; ben de Borges’in bir szünü aktarmakla yetinirim: “Okumak nemli deildir, nemli olan yeniden okumaktr.” Yazar Hakknda Prof. Dr., 1955 doumlu. 1976 da Ankara niversitesi Fen Fakültesi kimya mühendislii blümünden mezun oldu. Eskiehir Anadolu ve Eskiehir Osmangazi niversitesinde retim üyesi olarak alt. 2002 de emekli oldu. Akademik yaynlar haricinde felsefe konusunda sobil yaynclk tarafndan yaymlanm ü kitab vardr: 1.“Düünmek zerine Düünmek” (2009), 2. “Zorunluluk ve Sorumluluk” (2012), 3.“Nietzsche ve Schopenhauer ile küük bir sylei” (2018).

这是一本足以彻底改变你思维世界的小书。正如著名行为学家孙路弘所说，缺乏逻辑已成为社会的一种流行病症：逻辑紊乱症候群。而《简单的逻辑学》就如一场及时雨，一本治愈社会疾病的宝典，的确是应该人手一册。

1、《道德经（玩诵本）》为著名儒家学者、苇杭书院山长杨汝清先生倾情主编 　　2、孔子后人、世界孔子后裔宗庆联谊总会会长孔德墉先生亲自题写书名 　　3、北京大学楼宇烈教授审订内容，著名学者秋风教授、思想家余世存先生郑重推荐 　　4、目前市场上有创意、错误率*的国学诵读普及读本，附录内容全面、丰富 　　5、全书及每篇同步设有诵读录音二维码，杨汝清先生亲自朗诵，方便读者通过扫描二维码收听 　　6、正文独创拼音反白形式，难度难辨易错字一目了然，让经典学习轻松好玩 　　7、本书为方便读诵，正文部分皆注音，采用大字体。注音与文字分色套印 　　8、本书注释精简，同时精选相关图片作为插图，正文附有《庄子·内篇》 　　9、本书为“苇杭文库·国学玩诵本系列”之一种。“苇杭文库”是苇杭书院与中国纺织出版社携手打造的一个致力于普及与推广优秀传统文化的平台。“苇杭文库”坚持“立足学术，回归民间，追溯本原，服务当下”的立场，恪守“述而不作”的文化传统，择选古代典籍中与现实生活息息相关并为当下社会所普遍关注的经典，辅以具有代表性的注本，对句读、读音、义理进行深入细致的研究与思考，精心校雠，并将成果奉献于社会。 　　10、国学玩诵本系列侧重于对经典的“玩习”与“读诵”。“玩习”着重于对经典思想的玩味习得，通过对历代重要注本中重点字词注疏的品味，对与经典相关的图籍的欣赏，对与其关系密切的重要文献的泛览，提高读者对经典的认识，加深读者对经典的了解。“读诵”着重于对经典读音的厘定并区别形音义，通过对古今音的变化与通假字以及易错难读字音的重点标识，便于读者正确掌握，初步奠定阅读经典的基础。

《孝经 大学 中庸（玩诵本）》以阮元刻本《十三经注疏》之《孝经注疏》、《礼记正义·大学第四十二》及“知不足斋丛书”本《古文孝经》与朱子（熹）《四书章句集注》之《大学章句》、《中庸章句》作为底本，对难读难认字的注音重点标记,标出通假字，强调易错读音，标注古今音（读为今音，注释体现古音）。同时,精选先儒的经典注释作为脚注，并将《孔子圣迹图》作为插图，把相关的重要历史文献及人名、地名、朝代表作为附录，以便读者品味玩习。 　　此外，还附有《孝经》、《古文孝经》、《大学》、《古本大学》、《中庸》全文诵读音频的二维码。

　　《论语》是以语录体记述的孔子及其弟子的言行的著作，是中国儒家文化的本源。本书则是作者以普通人的视角，对《论语》进行的解读。作者为一名官员，对论语一直有着深入的研究，此次分析，围绕着“正心修身”，以提高修养，探讨社会现象为脉络，逐章逐句解读，希望以理论联系实际，开启、激发读者的思考，从而达到互动交流的目的，共抵至境。

The Prince (Italian: Il Principe) is a political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. From correspondence a version appears to have been distributed in 1513, using a Latin title, De Principatibus (About Principalities). But the printed version was not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. This was done with the permission of the Medici pope Clement VII, but "long before then, in fact since the first appearance of the Prince in manuscript, controversy had swirled about his writings" Although it was written as if it were a traditional work in the Mirror of Princes style, it is generally agreed that it was especially innovative, and not only because it was written in Italian rather than Latin. The Prince is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. It was also in direct conflict with the dominant Catholic and scholastic doctrines of the time concerning how to consider politics and ethics. Although it is relatively short, the treatise is the most remembered of his works and the one most responsible for bringing "Machiavellian" into wide usage as a pejorative term. It also helped make "Old Nick" an English term for the devil, and even contributed to the modern negative connotations of the words "politics" and "politician" in western countries. In terms of subject matter it overlaps with the much longer Discourses on Livy, which was written a few years later. In its use of examples who were politically active Italians who perpetrated criminal deeds for politics, another lesser-known work by Machiavelli which The Prince has been compared to is the Life of Castruccio Castracani. The descriptions within The Prince have the general theme of accepting that ends of princes, such as glory, and indeed survival, can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends.

《中国哲学史大纲》为胡适所作，是中国学者运用现代学术方法系统研究中国古代哲学史的*部著作。它的出版被视为中国哲学史学科建立的标志。它所获得的赞誉无以复加，不但被视为一本划时代的著作，而且被誉为“五四”新文化运动的一个积极成果，是中国思想史研究的山之作，为胡适的学术地位奠定了一块不可撼动的基石。

《易理与人生》以《周易》六十四卦为序，先对每一卦的易理进行解读，然后把易理结合作者自己的人生阅历和思考，阐发人生哲学，很多安身立命、为人处世之道非常实用，发前人之未言,很值得我们阅读、借鉴。

The Republic (Greek: Politeia) is a Socratic dialogue, written by Plato around 380 BC, concerning the definition of (justice), the order and character of the just city-state and the just man, reason by which ancient readers used the name On Justice as an alternative title (not to be confused with the spurious dialogue also titled On Justice). The dramatic date of the dialogue has been much debated and though it must take place some time during the Peloponnesian War, "there would be jarring anachronisms if any of the candidate specific dates between 432 and 404 were assigned". It is Plato's best-known work and has proven to be one of the most intellectually and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory. In it, Socrates along with various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and examine whether or not the just man is happier than the unjust man by considering a series of different cities coming into existence "in speech", culminating in a city (Kallipolis) ruled by philosopher-kings; and by examining the nature of existing regimes. The participants also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher and of poetry in society. Short Summary (Epilogue):X.1—X.8. 595a—608b. Rejection of Mimetic ArtX.9—X.11. 608c—612a. Immortality of the SoulX.12. 612a—613e. Rewards of Justice in LifeX.13—X.16. 613e—621d. Judgment of the Dead The paradigm of the city — the idea of the Good, the Agathon — has manifold historical embodiments, undertaken by those who have seen the Agathon, and are ordered via the vision. The centre piece of the Republic, Part II, nos. 2–3, discusses the rule of the philosopher, and the vision of the Agathon with the allegory of the cave, which is clarified in the theory of forms. The centre piece is preceded and followed by the discussion of the means that will secure a well-ordered polis (City). Part II, no. 1, concerns marriage, the community of people and goods for the Guardians, and the restraints on warfare among the Hellenes. It describes a partially communistic polis. Part II, no. 4, deals with the philosophical education of the rulers who will preserve the order and character of the city-state.In Part II, the Embodiment of the Idea, is preceded by the establishment of the economic and social orders of a polis (Part I), followed by an analysis (Part III) of the decline the order must traverse. The three parts compose the main body of the dialogues, with their discussions of the “paradigm”, its embodiment, its genesis, and its decline.The Introduction and the Conclusion are the frame for the body of the Republic. The discussion of right order is occasioned by the questions: “Is Justice better than Injustice?” and “Will an Unjust man fare better than a Just man?” The introductory question is balanced by the concluding answer: “Justice is preferable to Injustice”. In turn, the foregoing are framed with the Prologue (Book I) and the Epilogue (Book X). The prologue is a short dialogue about the common public doxai (opinions) about “Justice”. Based upon faith, and not reason, the Epilogue describes the new arts and the immortality of the soul. ? About Author: Plato (Greek: Platon, " 428/427 or 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his most-famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him, although 15–18 of them have been contested. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. His writings related to the Theory of Forms, or Platonic ideals, are basis for Platonism. ? Early lifeThe exact time and place of Plato's birth are not known, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or Aegina between 429 and 423 BC. His father was Ariston. According to a disputed tradition, reported by Diogenes Laertius, Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. Plato's mother was Perictione, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian lawmaker an

《老子诵读本》（插图版）是“中华经典诵读工程配套读本”之一，专为4—12岁的青少年儿童编写，我们收录《老子》全文，并附有拼音，对难字、难词、难句做了精炼、准确、易懂的注释，同时，配有大量与文字密切关联的图片，让读者在愉悦的审美中，品味经典的魅力。

中国文化源远流长，那些传承下来的古书，凝聚着众多大家的智慧和心得，是取之不尽、用之不竭的宝藏。 本书推荐的古书，时间跨度从先秦一直延续到清末，类型多样，有《史记》《资治通鉴》等史学巨著；《诗经》《漱玉词》等诗词集；《红楼梦》《聊斋志异》等小说；《窦娥冤》《西厢记》等戏剧作品；《文心雕龙》《艺概》等文艺理论著作；也有《水经注》《齐民要术》等科学巨著。读者在了解其思想精髓的同时，也可以选取一些适合自己或者感兴趣的书来细细品读，相信定会受益匪浅。

科学说明、自然定律与因果性，这三个概念都是科学哲学的核心问题。这些问题又彼此交错，相互联系，形成了一个复杂的问题群。本书分别研究了说明、定律与因果之间的关系，提出了自己的看法与论证，终对这些问题形成了较为统一而综合的观点。本书也研究了相关的专题，如说明与还原、解释的关系等。希望对于解决说明、定律与因果这一科学哲学的核心问题群起到积极作用。

本书是儒家思想文化的重要核心载体，是中华民族为宝贵的精神财富。这些经典中蕴含了华夏先哲的智慧，记述了儒家学说的核心思想。本书内容涉及历史、哲学、文学等诸多方面。四书五经自南宋定名后一直延续至今，影响极为深远。阅读本书，既可修身养性，又可增智广识，还可立德励志。本书在参考多个版本的基础上，对四书五经进行精编精选，通俗易懂的语言为读者扫除了字、词、句等阅读障碍。原汁原味的再现了当时的历史背景和社会生活以及人物的情感、精神风貌。对于文章中难以理解的部分，更做出了详细解释，让人一目了然。阅读本书，通晓古今智慧，塑造完整人格，丰富美好情感，同时改进我们的生活态度、工作态度和思维方式，成就不一样的人生。

　　哲学的根本问题是思维和存在、精神和物质的关系问题，人们在工作过程中通过对各种知识的概括学习和总结从而更好的更深刻的了解和认识自然、认识社会。哲学通常是研究根本问题的，这就需要对表面的问题进行批判的反思，通过这种反思更清楚的认识世界、了解人生。

本书由内篇、外篇、杂篇三部分构成。作者以普通人的视角，以章句分析的形式，重新解读了无为，解读了自然，解读了生命的真谛、道家丰富超然的精神世界。

禅是一种思考，一种表现，是智慧的结晶。 生活中，既是追求事业、物质和权利，也要注意内在心灵的成长与提升，才能保持生活的平衡、满足和愉悦。这样的目标如何达成？阅读禅的故事可以为你带来实用的生活智慧，让你事半功倍。释迦牟尼在灵山会上说法，他拿着一朵花，面对大家，不发一语，这时听众们面面相觑，不知所以。只有迦叶会心地一笑。于是释迦牟尼便高兴地说：“吾

从古时起，很多智慧之士已经意识到了在日常生活中运用逻辑思维的重要性，逻辑思想在中国的先秦时代被叫做“名辩之学”。时至今日，我们更加不能轻视逻辑思维的重要性。对现代人来说，真正的财富并不是年收入的数字，而是他具有一种什么样的思维方式。 　本书借用北大知名逻辑学讲师的经典理论，为读者揭示北大校园内对逻辑的判别与认知，让广大“北大校园外”的读者也可通过本书获得更多认知。希望广大读者 能够通过本书打开自己的智慧之门，对认识自我、激发自我、掌握自我等多个领域有所顿悟，为读者与人沟通、融入社会等方面提供帮助。