《人类理解论》*重要的观是：洛克首次提出人的头脑里系统性的、详实的、充满理性的、宽广的哲学思想和认知，一切的一切都来自于经验，而不是先天自有的。这一观正好与当时流行的思想与认知都是“先天具备的”的观相悖。这也正是洛克刻意着力之处。也从知识获取意义上，具备了现代思想意识。其实，我们中国教育界的老祖宗孔夫子早于公元前几百年前就有“学尔时习之”的提法。一切知识都来自于学与习过程中，而不是先天存在的，这种观对于中国人来说，可能就是常识。但对于千百年来一直浸淫于宗教思想里的西方人来说，不啻一记重重的巴掌，到了昏睡的人们的脸上，并强迫之面对这个*基本的常识。洛克一步认为，道德、价值以及信仰，这一切也因之统统要透过人的经验而获取。因此，对世界的认识也要经过观察与经验而形成。

王守仁，别号阳明，明代杰出的思想家、哲学家、书法家、军事家和政治家，心学的集大成者，中国历史上*没有争议的立德、立功、立言三不朽的圣人。 王阳明的一生都是传奇：他曾是乖张叛逆的问题少年，后来却潜心向学，终成大器；面对昏庸皇帝与巨奸刘瑾，却能够化险为夷，纵横捭阖；身为一介儒生，却用兵如神，多次平定叛乱，立下旷世奇功；目睹政治黑暗，民生疾苦，集儒、释、道三家之大成，创立阳明心学这一剂提升自我、拯救时弊的心灵解药…… 《明朝一哥王阳明》用颇具现代感的生动幽默的文笔，将一代圣人王阳明的一生完整勾勒出来，同时又融了王阳明心学的形成、发展、完善和成熟的过程。在本书出版十周年之际，吕峥教授结合王阳明研究的新成果，对全书内容行了精心修订，以帮助读者更全面、更深地了解王阳明的成圣历程，更轻松、更准确地读懂阳明心学的核心精髓——心即理、知行合一、致良知等，学会启强大的内心力量，成就辉煌事业。

新中国成立70年以来，马克思主义经典著作在中国的编译与传播，既是马克思主义中国化的首要前提，又是实现马克思主义中国化的基本途径。自新中国成立以来到1978年改革放时期，是中国历史发展的一个十分重要的特殊阶段，也构成了马克思主义经典著作编译传播史上的一个十分重要的特殊阶段。本书对这一时期马克思主义经典著作编译与传播的社会历史条件、编译与出版机构的建立与完善，以及编译与传播的重要阶段、主要类别、基本特征、传播途径及对马克思主义中国化的历史影响与现实启示等方面行深研究，梳理马克思主义经典著作版本演化的历史轨迹，总结经典文本编译与传播的经验教训，揭示其在推动马克思主义中国化过程中的历史作用和当代价值。

《庄子》是继《老子》之后体现道家学说的重要作品。现今通行的《庄子》一书分为内篇、外篇、杂篇三部分，共33篇。它既是一部哲学著作，又散发着浓厚的浪漫主义色彩，更深刻地影响了后世的文学创作。鲁迅曾评价说：“其文汪洋辟阖、仪态万方，晚周诸子之作，莫能先也。”《庄子诵读本》（插图版）是“中华经典诵读工程配套读本”之一，专为4—12岁的少年儿童编写，我们依据权威版本选录《庄子》，并附有拼音，对难字、难词、难句做了精炼、准确、易懂的注释，同时，配有大量与文字密切关联的图片，让读者在愉悦的审美中品味经典的魅力。

作者用优美、流畅的文笔，从鱼、动物、仿生、语言、生命、命运、梦、交往等八个维度，从内部解构庄子哲学，并通过与老子、列子哲学的比较，以及它在先秦、近代思想坐标中的相对“位置”，在外部的联系对比中揭示庄子哲学的特色，提出一系列富有启发性的观。比如，《庄子》中为什么鱼先出场，“物物者非物”这个判断如何体现庄子之道对老子之道的继承、发展，对齐物论和庄周梦蝶，为何要从庄子之道的高度出发才能有确解，以及庄子言意之辨对中国国民性格的深刻影响等，皆剖析理，颇具深度与新意。

以维也纳学派为代表的“逻辑经验主义”曾在二十世纪的世界思想界风行一时。殷海光即是深受这波学术思潮影响的学者之一，本书正是他长期钻研的心得之作，对一般初学者容易混淆的概念及不易理解的原理皆详加说明，引领读者逻辑研究的世界。 在清华大学跟随金岳霖先生读研究生期间，殷海光先生写出了《逻辑讲话》，此书别出心裁，采用独创的对话体，有如拉家常，试图将高深的逻辑学通俗化，上市后受到广泛认可。之后，殷海光先生在《逻辑讲话》及讲义版的基础之上，写成《逻辑新引》，依旧采用对话体，一位老师与两位学生聊天，老师谆谆善诱，学生倾耳聆听。 本书循序渐，深浅出，清晰易懂，注重严格的推论训练和逻辑的应用功能，使逻辑初学者在学习时可免于枯燥无味。

《当代外国伦理思想》对日本、印度、韩国、朝鲜、新加坡、英国、法国、美国、德国，以及从苏联到独联体的当代伦理思想分别作了比较系统的研究和阐述。本书是按东西方顺序分章的，各国按头字笔画排列先后。这样编章，按国家和地区分别阐述当代外国伦理思想，与按思潮和学派阐述外国伦理思想的著作不同，它可以使读者集中、完整地了解和认识有关国家和地区的当代伦理思想，为伦理学研究者进行东西方伦理思想的比较研究，提供难得的现成资料和研究成果。

本书以建构中国道德哲学的“伦理世界”为理论诉求，积极回应西方现代社会伦理发展困境，努力探索中国现代道德建设的实践路径。

拜物教批判理论作为马克思社会批判理论的*，内在地蕴含了马克思的哲学世界观和方法论，贯穿着马克思对资产阶级政治经济学的批判继承和发展。本书从马克思的文本出发，*次比较系统地梳理了马克思拜物教批判理论的历史与逻辑，阐发了马克思对于拜物教世界的超越途径，提炼出马克思拜物教批判的方法论，并且对于西方思想家对马克思拜物教批判理论的解读作出了评析，具有较高的学术价值。

　　理清中国哲学的脉络，从搞懂中国哲学三大流派始。 　　通过手绘漫画和段子，陈磊（笔名：混子哥）领衔的半小时漫画团队带我们真正读懂了中国哲学的三大流派——儒家、道家、墨家的诞生和发展。 　　孔子的“礼”其实就是生活指南，连每个人该听啥歌都安排得明明白白； 　　老子的《道德经》其实就是一份写给统治者看的述职报告； 　　墨子竟然是个嘻哈侠，他的核心思想“非攻，兼爱”用一句话来概括就是peace and love！ 　　从原始社会到百家争鸣，轻松搞懂儒家、道家、墨家的诞生和发展，让你在哈哈大笑中，不知不觉就理清了中国哲学的完整脉络！ 　　翻本书，分清中国哲学的三大流派，理清中国哲学的来龙去脉！

托尔斯泰50岁时，已创作出《战争与和平》《安娜·卡列尼娜》这样的世界名著，但面对自己的人生，他依旧困惑，甚至感到痛苦。他因痛苦而忏悔，因忏悔而追问，追问生命的本质，追问人生的意义，追问幸福是什么。在忏悔的*后，他终于找到答案……

本书叙述的是17世纪至19世纪近代西方政治哲学的发展历程，阐释了具有重要历史地位与思想影响的人物如霍布斯、洛克、斯宾诺莎、卢梭、托克维尔、康德、黑格尔等人，以及政治哲学流派如苏格兰启蒙运动和功利主义等的政治哲学思想，意图勾勒出近代西方政治哲学的主要轮廓，凸显这一时期核心的政治哲学论题，并在此基础上梳理和总结近代西方政治哲学的历史流变、重要思想资源，以及阐明对当代政治哲学思潮的深刻影响。

本书比较整全地呈现出船山体用思想结构及其相较于道学传统的差异性。船山体用之基本义是气作为宇宙全体的变合流行，其无方所无定体，无法被抽象为不变本体，人只能在聚散变化之用中见体。此义在性论层面即性日生日成，性体不是初生之际受命于天的某种不变本体，而是来自天之生生之德。继善成性，以后天之习使其不断充实生成，近精纯整全之天德，此为由用生体。民族文化历史可视为民族之性的生成丰富，其中*重要的资源，一则为先圣经典的传承与诠释，一则为国史对丰富境遇的描述与持守。通过经学去理解经典，通过读史来磨练扩充其伦理政治德性，这个过程既是其个体习与性成的体用相生，也是整个民族历史不断生成并持守自身一以贯之的过程。

《存在主义——从陀斯妥也夫斯基到沙特》，原为美国世界出版公司1956年出版的一部英文著作，是美国存在主义研究专家考夫曼（Walter Kaufmann）对陀斯妥也夫斯基、齐克果、尼采、里尔克、卡夫卡、雅斯培、海德格、沙特八位存在主义哲学家原作的编选，对系统了解存在主义基本观和各家的重要思想具有重要的资料价值。本书由陈鼓应、孟祥森、刘崎三人合作翻译而成。 存在主义是二十世纪重要的哲学流派，强调个人、独立自主和主观经验，主要包括有神论的存在主义、无神论的存在主义和人道主义的存在主义三大类。存在主义以人为中心，尊重人的个性和自由，认为，人是在无意义的宇宙中生活，人的存在本身也没有意义，但人可以在存在的基础上自我造就，活得精彩。该学派著名和明确的倡议是萨特的格言——“存在先于本质”。意思是，除了人的生存之外，没有天经地义的道德或体外的灵魂，道德和灵魂都是人在生存中创造出来的；人没有义务遵守某个道德标准或宗教信仰，人有选择的自由。

本书是一部伊斯兰教世界通史，以时间为经，以地区和国别为纬，全面系统地介绍了伊斯兰教产生、发展和流传的历史。全书所记时限始于伊斯兰教兴起前的阿拉伯社会状况，止于当今伊斯兰教在各国的情况和特。所记内容按教派分化展，广泛涉及伊斯兰教的经籍、教法、教义、人物、教制、教职等等，同时兼及伊斯兰教的节日、礼俗、圣地、遗迹、建筑、文学、艺术等等。在对伊斯兰教作全面考察的同时，书中还对伊斯兰教与政治、社会、经济、文化的关系，作了深刻的分析，对一些重要史事和学术问题也提出了不少新的见解。

本书是一部基督教世界通史，以时间为经，以地区和国别为纬，全面系统地介绍了基督教产生、发展和流传的历史。全书所记时限始于基督教产生前的犹太社会状况，止于基督教在近现代中国的流传。所记内容按教派分化展，广泛涉及基督教及各支派的经籍、教义、神学、人物、组织、教制、教职等等，同时兼及基督教的节日、礼俗、圣地、遗迹、建筑、文学、艺术等等。在对基督教本身作全面考察的同时，书中还对基督教与政治、社会、经济、文化的关系作了深刻的分析，对一些重要史事和学术问题也提出了新的见解。

More’s “Utopia” was written in Latin, and is in two parts, of which the second, describing the place ([Greek text]—or Nusquama, as he called it sometimes in his letters—“Nowhere”), was probably written towards the close of 1515; the first part, introductory, early in 1516. The book was first printed at Louvain, late in 1516, under the editorship of Erasmus, Peter Giles, and other of More’s friends in Flanders. It was then revised by More, and printed by Frobenius at Basle in November, 1518. It was reprinted at Paris and Vienna, but was not printed in England during More’s lifetime. Its first publication in this country was in the English translation, made in Edward’s VI.’s reign (1551) by Ralph Robinson. It was translated with more literary skill by Gilbert Burnet, in 1684, soon after he had conducted the defence of his friend Lord William Russell, attended his execution, vindicated his memory, and been spitefully deprived by James II. of his lectureship at St. Clement’s. Burnet was drawn to the translation of “Utopia” by the same sense of unreason in high places that caused More to write the book. Burnet’s is the translation given in this volume. The name of the book has given an adjective to our language—we call an impracticable scheme Utopian. Yet, under the veil of a playful fiction, the talk is intensely earnest, and abounds in practical suggestion. It is the work of a scholarly and witty Englishman, who attacks in his own way the chief political and social evils of his time. Beginning with fact, More tells how he was sent into Flanders with Cuthbert Tunstal, “whom the king’s majesty of late, to the great rejoicing of all men, did prefer to the office of Master of the Rolls;” how the commissioners of Charles met them at Bruges, and presently returned to Brussels for instructions; and how More then went to Antwerp, where he found a pleasure in the society of Peter Giles which soothed his desire to see again his wife and children, from whom he had been four months away. Then fact slides into fiction with the finding of Raphael Hythloday (whose name, made of two Greek words [Greek text] and [Greek text], means “knowing in trifles”), a man who had been with Amerigo Vespucci in the three last of the voyages to the new world lately discovered, of which the account had been first printed in 1507, only nine years before Utopia was written. Designedly fantastic in suggestion of details, “Utopia” is the work of a scholar who had read Plato’s “Republic,” and had his fancy quickened after reading Plutarch’s account of Spartan life under Lycurgus. Beneath the veil of an ideal communism, into which there has been worked some witty extravagance, there lies a noble English argument. Sometimes More puts the case as of France when he means England. Sometimes there is ironical praise of the good faith of Christian kings, saving the book from censure as a political attack on the policy of Henry VIII. Erasmus wrote to a friend in 1517 that he should send for More’s “Utopia,” if he had not read it, and “wished to see the true source of all political evils.” And to More Erasmus wrote of his book, “A burgomaster of Antwerp is so pleased with it that he knows it all by heart.” Sir Thomas More, son of Sir John More, a justice of the King’s Bench, was born in 1478, in Milk Street, in the city of London. After his earlier education at St. Anthony’s School, in Threadneedle Street, he was placed, as a boy, in the household of Cardinal John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. It was not unusual for persons of wealth or influence and sons of good families to be so established together in a relation of patron and client. The youth wore his patron’s livery, and added to his state. The patron used, afterwards, his wealth or influence in helping his young client forward in the world.

Among the notable books of later times-we may say, without exaggeration, of all time--must be reckoned The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau. It deals with leading personages and transactions of a momentous epoch, when absolutism and feudalism were rallying for their last struggle against the modern spirit, chiefly represented by Voltaire, the Encyclopedists, and Rousseau himself--a struggle to which, after many fierce intestine quarrels and sanguinary wars throughout Europe and America, has succeeded the prevalence of those more tolerant and rational principles by which the statesmen of our own day are actuated. On these matters, however, it is not our province to enlarge; nor is it necessary to furnish any detailed account of our author's political, religious, and philosophic axioms and systems, his paradoxes and his errors in logic: these have been so long and so exhaustively disputed over by contending factions that little is left for even the most assiduous gleaner in the field. The inquirer will find, in Mr. John Money's excellent work, the opinions of Rousseau reviewed succinctly and impartially. The 'Contrat Social', the 'Lattres Ecrites de la Montagne', and other treatises that once aroused fierce controversy, may therefore be left in the repose to which they have long been consigned, so far as the mass of mankind is concerned, though they must always form part of the library of the politician and the historian. One prefers to turn to the man Rousseau as he paints himself in the remarkable work before us. That the task which he undertook in offering to show himself--as Persius puts it--'Intus et in cute', to posterity, exceeded his powers, is a trite criticism; like all human enterprises, his purpose was only imperfectly fulfilled; but this circumstance in no way lessens the attractive qualities of his book, not only for the student of history or psychology, but for the intelligent man of the world. Its startling frankness gives it a peculiar interest wanting in most other autobiographies. Many censors have elected to sit in judgment on the failings of this strangely constituted being, and some have pronounced upon him very severe sentences. Let it be said once for all that his faults and mistakes were generally due to causes over which he had but little control, such as a defective education, a too acute sensitiveness, which engendered suspicion of his fellows, irresolution, an overstrained sense of honour and independence, and an obstinate refusal to take advice from those who really wished to befriend him; nor should it be forgotten that he was afflicted during the greater part of his life with an incurable disease. Lord Byron had a soul near akin to Rousseau's, whose writings naturally made a deep impression on the poet's mind, and probably had an influence on his conduct and modes of thought: In some stanzas of 'Childe Harold' this sympathy is expressed with truth and power; especially is the weakness of the Swiss philosopher's character summed up in the following admirable lines: "Here the self-torturing sophist, wild Rousseau, The apostle of affliction, he who threw Enchantment over passion, and from woe Wrung overwhelming eloquence, first drew The breath which made him wretched; yet he knew How to make madness beautiful, and cast O'er erring deeds and thoughts a heavenly hue Of words, like sunbeams, dazzling as they passed The eyes, which o'er them shed tears feelingly and fast. "His life was one long war with self-sought foes, Or friends by him self-banished; for his mind Had grown Suspicion's sanctuary, and chose, For its own cruel sacrifice, the kind, 'Gainst whom he raged with fury strange and blind. But he was frenzied,-wherefore, who may know? Since cause might be which skill could never find; But he was frenzied by disease or woe To that worst pitch of all, which wears a reasoning show."

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) este o figur? important? a filosofiei secolului XIX ?i unul dintre prefa?atorii principalelor curente de g?ndire din secolul XX, fiind considerat fondatorul pragmatismului american. Cele dou? eseuri prezentate aici, primele din seria cunoscut? sub numele Ilustr?ri ale logicii ?tiin?ei, sunt reprezentative pentru opera sa, caracterizat? de profunzimi ?i subtilit??i specifice unui g?nditor care beneficiaz? ?i de preg?tirea unui om de ?tiin?a.Cu toate c? sunt uneori pur abstracte, observa?iile privitoare la convingeri ?i idei r?m?n, indiferent de sistem, puncte principale de sprijin pentru distinc?ia ?ntre g?ndirea s?n?toas? ?i cea viciat?.“ Este groaznic s? vezi cum o singur? idee neclar?, o singur? formul? f?r? ?n?eles, care se furi?eaz? ?n capul unui t?n?r, va ac?iona uneori ca un obstacol de materie inert? ?ntr-o arter?, ?mpiedic?nd circula?ia ?n creier ?i condamn?ndu-?i victima spre ofilire ?n plenitudinea vigorii intelectuale ?i ?n mijlocul abunden?ei intelectuale.“ - Charles Sanders Peirce

Critic erudit ?i pamfletar de for??, Paul Zarifopol (1874-1934) a fost un fin observator al omului ?i al fibrei care alc?tuie?te ?es?turile sociale profunde. Volumul de fa?? cuprinde eseuri care au r?mas de o actualitate acut?, chiar ?i la aproape un secol dup? ce au fost scrise.Coroziv ?i doct, discursul aduce ?n fa?a cititorului concepte esen?iale pentru morala ?i politica mai mult sau mai pu?in balcanice ale Rom?niei interbelice. Lumina ?n care ne sunt prezentate tipul politic ?i geniul organizator, de pild?, ne ofer? at?t senza?ia unei glacia?iuni temporale, c?t ?i pe aceea a unei familiarit??i inefabile.

在人们的思维活动中，有许多种想法，却不知怎样表达。该如何形成自己清晰的观？这种观又是怎样决定人们的习惯从而影响人们的现实生活？什么样的观是有效的观？ 美国实用主义哲学创始人查尔斯·S.皮尔士（Charles Sanders Peirce）在本书中有效地回答了这些问题。他系统阐述了自己对此问题的见解：首先探讨了人们在面对纷繁复杂的世界时，是如何一步一步形成清晰的观；其次对人们在形成具体而清晰的观过程中常用的几种方法行了分析。查尔斯·S.皮尔士认为，在面对具体情形时，人们不仅仅要找到所隐藏的前提条件或原则，更要有意识地把它们表达出来，这样才有利于行分析和表达，而积极、有效地影响或改变生活和工作。 阅读本书，可以培养人们在学习和工作中科学地行深度思考、逻辑推理与准确表达。?