A book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality. The Social Contract helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in France. The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate. Rousseau asserts that only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right.

Caesar, advancing by moderate journeys, and continuing his march without intermission, arrived at Lilybaeum, on the 14th day before the calends of January. Designing to embark immediately, though he had only one legion of new levies, and not quite six hundred horse, he ordered his tent to be pitched so near the sea-side that the waves lashed the very foot of it. This he did with a view that none should think he had time to delay, and that his men might be kept in readiness at a day or an hour's warning. Though the wind at that time was contrary, he nevertheless detained the soldiers and mariners on board, that he might lose no opportunity of sailing; the rather, because the forces of the enemy were announced by the inhabitants of the province, to consist of innumberable cavalry not to be numbered; four legions headed by Juba, together with a great body of light-armed troops; ten legions under the command of Scipio; a hundred and twenty elephants, and fleets in abundance. Yet he was not alarmed, nor lost his confident hopes and spirits. Meantime the number of galleys and transports increased daily; the new-levied legions flocked in to him from all parts; among the rest the fifth, a veteran legion, and about two thousand horse.

On the defeat of Pharnaces and reduction of Africa, those who escaped from those battles fled to young Cn. Pompey, who had taken possession of Further Spain, while Caesar was detained in Italy in exhibiting games. Pompey began to throw himself on the protection of every state, in order the more readily to establish the means of defense against him. Accordingly, with a considerable force which had been collected, partly by entreaty, partly by force, he began to lay waste the province. Under these circumstances some states voluntarily sent him supplies, others shut the gates of their towns against him. If any of these chanced to fall into his hands by assault, although some citizen in it had deserved well of Cn. Pompey (his father), yet some cause was alleged against him on account of the greatness of his wealth, so that, he being dispatched, his fortune might become the reward of the soldiers.

The Republic (Greek: Politeia) is a Socratic dialogue, written by Plato around 380 BC, concerning the definition of (justice), the order and character of the just city-state and the just man, reason by which ancient readers used the name On Justice as an alternative title (not to be confused with the spurious dialogue also titled On Justice). The dramatic date of the dialogue has been much debated and though it must take place some time during the Peloponnesian War, "there would be jarring anachronisms if any of the candidate specific dates between 432 and 404 were assigned". It is Plato's best-known work and has proven to be one of the most intellectually and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory. In it, Socrates along with various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and examine whether or not the just man is happier than the unjust man by considering a series of different cities coming into existence "in speech", culminating in a city (Kallipolis) ruled by philosopher-kings; and by examining the nature of existing regimes. The participants also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher and of poetry in society. Short Summary (Epilogue):X.1—X.8. 595a—608b. Rejection of Mimetic ArtX.9—X.11. 608c—612a. Immortality of the SoulX.12. 612a—613e. Rewards of Justice in LifeX.13—X.16. 613e—621d. Judgment of the Dead The paradigm of the city — the idea of the Good, the Agathon — has manifold historical embodiments, undertaken by those who have seen the Agathon, and are ordered via the vision. The centre piece of the Republic, Part II, nos. 2–3, discusses the rule of the philosopher, and the vision of the Agathon with the allegory of the cave, which is clarified in the theory of forms. The centre piece is preceded and followed by the discussion of the means that will secure a well-ordered polis (City). Part II, no. 1, concerns marriage, the community of people and goods for the Guardians, and the restraints on warfare among the Hellenes. It describes a partially communistic polis. Part II, no. 4, deals with the philosophical education of the rulers who will preserve the order and character of the city-state.In Part II, the Embodiment of the Idea, is preceded by the establishment of the economic and social orders of a polis (Part I), followed by an analysis (Part III) of the decline the order must traverse. The three parts compose the main body of the dialogues, with their discussions of the “paradigm”, its embodiment, its genesis, and its decline.The Introduction and the Conclusion are the frame for the body of the Republic. The discussion of right order is occasioned by the questions: “Is Justice better than Injustice?” and “Will an Unjust man fare better than a Just man?” The introductory question is balanced by the concluding answer: “Justice is preferable to Injustice”. In turn, the foregoing are framed with the Prologue (Book I) and the Epilogue (Book X). The prologue is a short dialogue about the common public doxai (opinions) about “Justice”. Based upon faith, and not reason, the Epilogue describes the new arts and the immortality of the soul. ? About Author: Plato (Greek: Platon, " 428/427 or 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his most-famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him, although 15–18 of them have been contested. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. His writings related to the Theory of Forms, or Platonic ideals, are basis for Platonism. ? Early lifeThe exact time and place of Plato's birth are not known, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or Aegina between 429 and 423 BC. His father was Ariston. According to a disputed tradition, reported by Diogenes Laertius, Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. Plato's mother was Perictione, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian lawmaker an

Potere, cortigianeria, dispotismo, libertà, uguaglianza... attuali o inattuali la satira d'Holbach e La Boétie? Cambiano i tempi e i nomi, ma la natura umana nel suo fondo negli ultimi secoli non è mutata. Com'è virtù di tutti i classici, le loro voci continuano a farci sorridere, indignare e riflettere non solo sul passato ma ugualmente sul presente e sul futuro, su quanto in esso ci possa essere di desiderabile o indesiderabile. In Appendice, i testi si possono leggere anche nella loro originaria edizione in francese. SOMMARIO?- Fabrizio Pinna, Una introduzione (in due tempi) e qualche digressione: I. Barone d'Holbach, "Quest'arte sublime dello strisciare"...; II. ?tienne de La Boétie, "Siate determinati di non voler più servire ed eccovi liberi"... . LIBERT? & POTERE: Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach, Saggio sull'arte di strisciare ad uso dei cortigiani; Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach, I Cortigiani; Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Cortigiano; ?tienne de La Boétie, La servitù volontaria. APPENDICE I: Libertà Uguaglianza (1799)- Il Cittadino Editore. APPENDICE II: Essai sur l’art de ramper, à l’usage des courtisans (1764) - Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach; Des Courtisans (1773) - Paul Henri Thiry d'Holbach; Courtisan (1752) / Courtisane (1754) - Jean le Rond d'Alembert; Discours de la servitude volontaire o Contr'un (1549) - ?tienne de La Boétie.?LE COLLANE IN/DEFINIZIONI & CON(TRO)TESTI

　　《文化与人生》是哲学家贺麟撰写于抗战时期的论文集，是贺麟先生前期思想的代表作。《文化与人生》中每一篇文字都是为中国当时迫切的文化问题、伦理问题和人生问题所引起，而根据贺麟先生读书思想体验所得去加以适当的解答。这些解答所取的途径，如从学派的分野来看，似乎比较近中国的儒家思想，和西洋康德、费希特、黑格尔所代表的理想主义。《文化与人生》中大都系亲切地自道所思所感和所体察到的新意思，以与青年朋友们谈心论学。 　　《文化与人生》涉及人生、道德、教育、法制、宗教、中西文化与哲学各个方面，贺麟先生针对当时的现实问题行了思考与解答。贺麟先生注重将中国传统文化与西方哲学融合在一起，相互吸收、补充。同时，拒绝空谈自由、民主、平等等口号，而是讨论在现实生活中，如何使人们树立起自由、民主、平等的精神。

本书以生动的笔触勾勒了西方哲学的思想发展历程，分析从古希腊到罗马时期的哲学之源，再到中世纪经院哲学、近代理性和经验之争和=，以及二十世纪哲学的分流及当代议题。全书从早期自然哲学家对世界本原的探索讲起，重点呈现了苏格拉底将哲学转向人类自身的革命性贡献，详细阐释了柏拉图的理念论与“洞穴之喻”的深刻内涵，系统介绍了亚里士多德的四因说与中道伦理，探讨了希腊化时期斯多葛派与伊壁鸠鲁派寻求心灵安宁的智慧，分析了中世纪哲学的神学探索的意义，复盘了近代哲学的理性与经验的争议分歧，展现了康德、黑格尔与尼采对二十世纪哲学的启发，探讨了二十世纪哲学的分流和对当下人类社会的关照。书稿通过丰富的例证和清晰的论述，展现了西方哲学如何从神话走向理性，从自然转向人性，构建起影响至今的思维体系。

《孟子》和《论语》一样，都是四书之一，儒家经典。 《孟子》一书，分成两大部分，*部分主要是谈政治，也就是仁政和为官之道，这个比较浅显易懂，仁政概念也被后代的政府所赞同和铭记。第二部分，就是谈人性修养，这一部分的篇章虽然大多精短，但含义深长，对后代的理学、心学都有开创之功。 孟子谈政治的仁政学说，观点鲜明，一读便懂，而谈人性的种种，则趣味横生，更是令人流连不舍的。

请问赫拉克利特，为什么人不能两次踏进同一条河流？ 请问苏格拉底，为什么要做一只有思想的牛虻？ 请问柏拉图，什么人才能走出洞穴，突破感官世界的束缚？ 请问亚里士多德，“形而上学”研究的是怎样的存在？ 请问伊壁鸠鲁，适度与放纵之间哪个更接近幸福的真谛？ …… …… 少年艾格穿越进哲学笔记本，邀请16位古代哲学家进行苏格拉底式对谈。在一个个提问中，跨越2000年的哲学思想史逐渐清晰，而16种思维方式和世界观也如画卷般徐徐展开。塑造西方哲学根基的一群思想家如何解答当代年轻人的内心疑困，人类思想史上的智慧精粹又如何启迪年轻人洞彻自己的人生，翻开这套书，借助智者的力量扫拂迷茫，你将过上更有意义的生活。

人人常说身不由己，然而己不由心，身又焉能由己呢？ 当今时代，许多人在竭力攫取财富的同时，为何人生却越来越迷惘、生命越来越焦灼？为何越想随心所欲，却“蕞”终还是难免人云亦云？ 《传习录》是阳明心学的集大成之作, 该书记载了王阳明及其弟子的言谈语录与书信往来。《王阳明〈传习录〉逐条精讲》是一本“通（俗）透（彻）”的心学智慧全本，生活感、现场感十足，作者以海外中国哲学宗师陈荣捷先生的《王阳明〈传习录〉详注集评》为底本，并参照多种《传习录》版本，逐条研读、精讲《传习录》中的心学智慧与生活哲学。每日浸读一条，内可修心励志，外可经世致用。 人再忙，心也不能忙！

《资本论》是马克思花费40年的光阴，用毕生的心血写成的一部著作，它既是政治经济学的光辉巨著，也是马克思主义的百科全书。这部巨著次深刻地分析了资本主义的全部发展过程，阐述了资本主义商品生产、流通和分配的基本理论，揭示了经济发展的客观规律，具有划时代的历史意义。

当前世界上存在着四大文化区，即基督教文化区、伊斯兰教文化区、佛教文化区、儒家伦理文化区，前三大文化区都是以宗教为中心形成的，而以中国为中心的儒家伦理文化区，虽然其内部也存在宗教，但整个文化区的凝结核心却是儒家的伦理文化，一种以家庭文化为基础的文化。本书是马克思?韦伯即研究基督教文化的《新教伦理与资本主义精神》之后的第二部宗教社会学著作，书中以儒家伦理为核心，从社会生活的方方面面去论证儒家伦理对中国社会的影响，并与西方的新教相比较，试图去寻找中国在各种条件都好于西方的情况下，资本主义为什么没能发展起来的原因。

“二十四孝”初形成于元朝，千百年来广为传颂，故事中的主人公成为国人崇敬和争相效仿的楷模。这些故事形象地强化了“孝道”思想，使其深入人心，历代相传，成为中华民族的传统美德。

《宽容》是一本畅销近百年的通俗历史读本，作者房龙以深厚的人文关照及倡导思想自由的精神，解析了人类为寻求思想的权利所走过的艰辛历程，勾勒了一幅波澜壮阔的人类思想解放史。借助于房龙极其著名的“宽容” 之眼，让我们重新发现和更深入地认识，几千年来政治、宗教、文化、社会的曲折发展历史和人类寻求自身解放的漫长历程。

　　《菜根谭》是明人洪应明晚年所写的一部语录体小品文集，其内容包括修身、正德、处世、为官、居家、求学、励志等，被世人誉为是旷古稀世的奇珍宝训。 　　《菜根谭》历来被视为处世修身之宝典，其蕴含的德育思想积淀着浓厚的中国传统文化底蕴，广泛吸收和融合了儒、释、道三家的思想精华，是中国传统德育思想集大成者。 　　《菜根谭》一书篇幅虽小，但内容极为丰富，“其间有持身语，有涉世语，有隐逸语，有显达语，有迁善语，有介节语，有仁语，有义语，有禅语，有趣语，有学道语，有见道语”(重刊《菜根谭》序盖凡涉及人生根本问题和日常之道者，如生死观、修身养性、为人处世、居官持家、向学之道、品调揽胜等等，无不论及。而从思想意趣上分析，则贯彻始终的是儒、释、道三家思想，并以阳明心学相统摄。《菜根谭》辞藻华丽，雅俗兼并，意蕴深刻，耐人寻味，对于人的修身养性、为人处世等有着潜移默化的作用。

本书以清代上疆村民朱租谋所编选的《宋词三百首》为底本，精选其中流传甚广、影响甚大、艺术生命力极强的作品百余首。精心编排，以飨读者。宋词不仅仅是一笔丰厚的文化遗产，它所体现的也不仅仅是宋代人的精神成果，更是几千年来国人精神寄托的所在。多少伟人英雄谈之以言志，达官贵人咏之以怡情，家家户户持之以教儿童。

本书选取了先秦直至清朝时期各个时代思想界的代表著作25部，涵盖了儒、道、法、墨、名、兵、小说、杂家等八个学派。在内容编排上，《诸子百家》侧重于知识点的介绍，设有“作者简介”、“思想解读”等栏目，读者可以从中了解著作的内容概要，熟悉作者的生平事迹，解读其中所蕴含的思想光芒。

《诗经》保持了风、雅、颂的体例，每篇分为原诗、译文、赏析三部分。译文生动流畅，力求做到信、达、雅的完美统一；赏析则深入透彻地分析诗的内容和艺术特色，从精神层面上贯通古今，拉近读者与《诗经》的距离。另外，书中还穿插了一些与诗的意境相配的山水花鸟画，全方位营造出一个诗意盎然的《诗经》世界。

《资治通鉴》以原书卷次为序，加以组织整理，既保留了原书的精髓，又在语言文字的运用上更适合当代人的阅读习惯。在古文今译的过程中，力求做到通俗易懂，同时在每个故事的标题下，都附有一段提示性的原文，有助于读者更好地理解故事内容。

《菜根谭》在参照各种权威版本的基础上，精心筛选出*可靠性、时代性、契合度的经典原文。为便于阅读，我们将全书分为处世篇、修持篇、养身篇、闲适篇，并编制了主题目录。书中准确流畅的“释义”和详尽的“注释”，更便于您去阅读和理解。独特的“新解”，意在扬弃封建糟粕，赋予时代新义，为您处理社会问题时提供有益的借鉴。

　《伦理学知性改进论》是斯宾诺莎关于方法论和认识论的著作。这书大约是他在1661年冬天到1662年春天所写的。因为他在1662年4月左右给奥尔登堡的一封信里曾提到这篇文章的手稿。这是一本没有完成的著作。虽说没有完成，却仍然是一篇可以告一段落的、内容丰富的独立的论文，并且可以当作他的中心著作《伦理学》的导言来看。在本篇他自己所加的小注中，有几处常常提到“我将于我的哲学中加以说明”。