卡尔·西奥多·雅斯贝尔斯（Karl Theodor Jaspers，1883- 1969） 德国存在主义哲学家、神学家、精神病学家。雅斯贝尔斯主要探讨内在自我的现象学描述，及自我分析和自我考察等问题。他强调每个人都存在独特和自由性。在1949年出版的《历史的起源与目标》中，他提出了一个很著名的命题——“轴心时代”。代表作有:《时代的精神状况》《存在哲学》等。

幸福散论》是法国著名的哲学家与美学家阿兰的代表作，共有九十三篇随笔，行文简短精炼。      阿兰引经据典或用生活周遭的实例，从不同角度诠释这人人渴求的“幸福”主题。      阿兰的思维缜密，风格清新，他常用具体而创新的意象来抓住读者的注意力，提出论。这些意象往往来自日常生活，像是一根别针、哭闹的孩子或是在田里休息的农夫。除了这些引人胜的诗意意象，他也用掷地有声的遣词用字来阐述他的思想，包括大量使用格言。他将思想视为工具，有了这种工具，我们可以掌握现实，并且有尊严地生活。      “想要获得幸福，我们就必须有此意愿，并为此而努力。如果我们还安坐在事不关己的观众席上，仅仅是把门敞，坐等幸福的到来，那么等来的必是悲哀。”      “无论现实有多么糟糕，它都还有一个极大的好处：它终结了这场不确定的游戏，它不再是即将到来的事物，而是从一个新的视角向我们展示了一个新的未来。”      “如果我们没有对幸福的渴望，我们也不可能得到幸福；因此我们必须渴望幸福，并创造幸福。”      每天读上一到两则，便能逐步体会，我们是怎么成为使自己幸福或不幸之人。

《否定的辩证法》是德国哲学家、西方马克思主义法兰克福学派重要代表阿多诺的主要代表作。在本书中阿多诺首先批判了哲学对同一性的追求，强调辩证法的本质是否定。他认为，古往今来哲学对“同一性”的追求是行不通的，根本不存在*的*性，任何想寻找原初事物或概念的哲学都走上了错误的道路，从而加强了社会上的极权主义和盲从主义倾向。辩证法的根本特征是否定性。其次，阿多诺绕辩证法的矛盾法则，落脚于法兰克福学派的社会批判主题。他认为真正意义上的辩证法不单是考察矛盾，而且还拒不承认矛盾是解释每一事物的图式。社会既不是个体主体的总和，也不是一种客观的事物，而是人类主体和物质客体的相互作用。自由的唯*意义在于否定，在于反思地否定各种具体的奴役。资本主义社会的*大弊端是商品交换价值法则的肆虐，把人和物降低到同一水平上和同质的无名地位上。随后，在本书中，阿多诺还举起“反体系”的旗帜，全力批判*哲学。他深刻意识到，真理的不变性是*哲学的幻想。本体论是对现状的辩解，是维护秩序的工具。此外，阿多诺认为，“否定的辩证法”是自由方便的立场，兼收并蓄的混合。“否定的辩证法”不仅与逻辑标准或事实标准无关，而且完全无视这些标准。这种无视实际上是“否定的辩证法”的本质。

这是一本由德国哲学家、诺贝尓文学奖得主奥伊肯和中国儒学大家张君劢合著而成的小书，从通俗普及的角度介绍了中国与欧洲的思想起源及发展历程。其中欧洲部分由奥伊肯撰写，他从欧洲思想的发源地——古希腊始，对中世纪和近代启蒙运动以及德、英、法等国的著名哲学家行阐释，中国部分则由张君劢撰写，他用精炼的语言对先秦孔孟老庄、宋明理学和朱熹、陆象山、王阳明等思想行介绍。全书短小精悍，两位作者均为世*级的一流学者，在不长的篇幅中浓缩了中西思想的精华。

除非愿意自己的准则变为普遍规律，否则你不应行动。这是康德伦理学的基石，也是他号召人们普遍遵守的“命令”。这也是人类的意志规律、自由规律、道德规律。正确认识和运用道德规律是人类的责任，也是明辨善恶的尺度。理性的人能为自己立法，因此，不论是谁在任何时候都不应把自己和他人当作工具，而应该永远将自身看作目的。由此，也产生了一个由普遍客观规律构建起来的体系，也即目的王国。目的王国服从自身加于自身的规律，自然王国则服从外因起作用的规律。这个“道德的原则”加强了理性的力量，提高了人格的尊严，真、善、美都将交由它裁定。

重拾中西方古典学问坠绪，不仅因为现代性问题迫使学问古共智慧，更因为古学问关乎亘古不移的人世问题。古学经典需要解释，解释是涵养精神的活动，也是思想取向的抉择；宁可跟随柏拉图犯错，也不与那伙人一起正确。举凡疏证诠解中国古学经典、移译西学整理旧故的晚近成果，不外乎愿与中西方古典大智慧一起思想，以期寻回精神的涵养，不负教书育人的人类亘古基业。 　　本书是《经典与解释》系列之一的《霍布斯的修辞》分册，内中具体研究了“霍布斯的哲学思想”，主要收录了：霍布斯《利维坦》中的推理与修辞、霍布斯的“非亚里士多德”政治修辞学、“教条”对抗“数理”、基督教国家的自然法等内容。

南怀瑾先生是一位学贯古今的国学大师，他潜心研究《论语》几十年，具有很深的造诣，在国际上享有盛誉。南怀瑾先生对《论语》的解读因迥异于其他人而独树一帜，其语言通俗易懂，所言之事都是人一生中必须面对的事情，在深浅出的文字之间将人生道理阐释得清清楚楚，尤其是对做人与做事有着精辟的见解。每一位读者都可以从南怀瑾先生的精彩讲述中，领悟《论语》的思想内涵，从而将《论语》蕴藏的人生智慧运用到自己的生活中，阔自己的人生视野，在为人处世等方面得到一步的提高，成就成功的人生。

所谓血气，就是人对何谓正确、何种东西带来尊严与荣誉的精神感受。人类共同体在一定程度上有赖于凭借血气捍卫财富与名誉的分配，但血气对正义或合法性的要求从来不能得到满足。因为这种正义要求，把人类生活的无公度方面，当作可公度的东西。因此，柏拉图和荷马都告诫人们要节制自己的血气。 血气是城邦统治者行哲学思考的基础，也反映他们的统治特征。柏拉图在《王制》中，提出了节制血气的一条新途径——通过苏格拉底的政治哲学……

中国哲学同经典解释注定有不解之缘。哲学研究同哲学史研究本来不是一回事，只有哲学史研究才一定是哲学经典研究。但在中国思想传统中，这两者的关系似乎没有明确的区分。从形式上讲，它表现在注经的思想或学术活动中。这个集子收入了中山大学哲学系部分师生关于中国哲学史（包括思哲史）的一些研究成果，内容集中展示了先秦子学及宋明儒学两方面。很有借鉴参考作用。 一般来说，人们怎样阅读就怎样写作。通常，细心的作者也是细心的读者，反之亦然。除非自己亲自小心地阅读，一个人不可能知道何为小心地阅读。阅读先于写作;在写作之前，我们已经阅读;我们通过阅读学习写作。一个人通过认真阅读好书——*用心地阅读那些被*用心地写出来的书——来学习认真写作。因此，通过研究一个作者的阅读习惯，我们也许预先就会知道他的写作习惯。

重拾中西方古典学问坠绪，不仅因为现代性问题迫使学问回味古典智慧，更因为古典学问关乎亘古不移的人世问题。古学经典需要解释，解释是涵养精神的活动，也是思想取向的抉择：宁可跟随柏拉图犯错，也不与那伙人一起正确(西塞罗语)。举凡疏证诠解中国古学经典、移译西学整理旧故的晚近成果，不外乎愿与中西方古典大智慧一起思想，以期寻回精神的涵养，不负教书育人的人类亘古基业。

    本书紧贴“从已知把握未知的可能性”这个在哲学史上由来已久的话题。陈述认识论相关内容，重新诠释以往哲学家的重要思考，试图减少人们关于认识问题的重复性错误，并主要沿着判断、已知、未知、可能性、假设、真理、语言、逻辑、心灵（自我）和伦理的顺序自然推。     本书主要可分为五个篇章：一、从判断到未知。作者从判断问题手，在思考中牵连出认识论、表达和推理、含义观念与价值等一系列问题。二、从已知到可能性。阐明了人们对思维活动的认识将问题推向了深层。三、从假设到真理。本章假设如果从经验起源出发，阐明了理性认识必然就是哲学的任务。四、从语言到逻辑。本章通过直观考察逻辑推理或认识过程中的每一个环节，试图保证意义的准确性。五、从自我到伦理。本章阐述了在单个的*小认识单元中，伦理考察可以伴随任何认识向度而出现。

本书以讨论古希腊伟大的著作家苏格拉底的两位*善于通过写作从事文教的学生之一的色诺芬的著作及其人为主题。早在希腊化时期和古罗马时期，色诺芬就获得了无可争议的古希腊经典作家、思想权威的名位。本书集结的文章展示了像施特劳斯这样的大师是如何解读色诺芬，奉其为一位地地道道的苏格拉底式人物，为读者铺设了一条尽可能便捷的、理解色诺芬的路。

本书是纪念托克维尔逝世二百五十周年专辑。托克维尔（1805～1859），法国历史学家、社会学家、思想家。主要代表作有《论美国的民主》、《旧制度与大革命》。本辑汇集了中国学界新秀关于托克维尔和美国民主的论文，以及国外学者的重要文章。

　　莎士比亚的写作在英国历史中所选择的时期表明了他的兴趣所在。从 1199年理查二世流放争吵不休的赫里福伯爵和毛博瑞伯爵到1485年瑞奇蒙德伯爵在堡斯沃斯战场败理查三世，并作为亨利七世建立都铎王朝，其间很长一段时间都是王朝的更迭。这些王朝更迭被莎士比亚写了他的所谓的两组四部曲申，个四部曲包括《理查二世》、《亨利四世》（上、下篇）和《亨利五世》。第二个四部曲包括《亨利六世》（上、中、下篇）和《理查三世》。这八个剧目展现了英格兰血腥的一个世纪：内战岁月。 　　莎士比亚跟马基雅维里一样，建议用对立统一的原理来解决政治的根本难题。他把自己比喻成狮子与綿羊的结合而非狮子与狐狸的结合。这反映出，他更关注的是君主的正义而非君主的辉煌，或者说，他关注的是使君主的正义成为他辉煌的根基。 　　莎士比亚非常认同马基雅维里的观，君主应该知道如何避免为表象所欺的重要性。灵魂的财富提供了必不可少的制约，制约那种容易被表象所欺的倾向。在地位高贵的人物身上，这一倾向非常明显，他们尤其容易被表象所迷惑。莎士比亚经营的就是这种灵魂的财富。

Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. It is considered by critics to be Milton's "major work", and helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time. The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men" Short Summary:The poem is separated into twelve "books" or sections, the lengths of which vary greatly (the longest is Book IX, with 1,189 lines, and the shortest Book VII, with 640). The Arguments at the head of each book were added in subsequent imprints of the first edition. Originally published in ten books, a fully "Revised and Augmented" edition reorganized into twelve books was issued in 1674, and this is the edition generally used today. The poem follows the epic tradition of starting in medias res (Latin for in the midst of things), the background story being recounted later.Milton's story has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other following Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other rebel angels have been defeated and banished to Hell, or, as it is also called in the poem, Tartarus. In Pand?monium, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organise his followers; he is aided by Mammon and Beelzebub. Belial and Moloch are also present. At the end of the debate, Satan volunteers to poison the newly created Earth and God's new and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of the Abyss alone in a manner reminiscent of Odysseus or Aeneas. After an arduous traversal of the Chaos outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later the Garden of Eden. At several points in the poem, an Angelic War over Heaven is recounted from different perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare. The battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three days. At the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of angelic rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God creates the World, culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and Eve total freedom and power to rule over all creation, He gave them one explicit command: not to eat from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil on penalty of death.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, was born at Boston in 1803 into a distinguished family of New England Unitarian ministers. His was the eighth generation to enter the ministry in a dynasty that reached back to the earliest days of Puritan America. Despite the death of his father when Emerson was only eleven, he was able to be educated at Boston Latin School and then Harvard, from which he graduated in 1821. After several years of reluctant school teaching, he returned to the Harvard Divinity School, entering the Unitarian ministry during a period of robust ecclesiastic debate. By 1829 Emerson was married and well on his way to a promising career in the church through his appointment to an important congregation in Boston. However, his career in the ministry did not last long. Following the death of his first wife, Ellen, his private religious doubts led him to announce his resignation to his congregation, claiming he was unable to preach a doctrine he no longer believed and that "to be a good minister it was necessary to leave the ministry."With the modest legacy left him from his first wife, Emerson was able to devote himself to study and travel. In Europe he met many of the important Romantic writers whose ideas on art, philosophy, and literature were transforming the writing of the Nineteenth Century. He also continued to explore his own ideas in a series of voluminous journals which he had kept from his earliest youth and from which virtually all of his literary creation would be generated. Taking up residence in Concord, Massachusetts, Emerson devoted himself to study, writing and a series of public lectures in the growing lyceum movement. From these lyceum addresses Emerson developed and then in 1836 published his most important work, Nature. Its publication also coincided with his organizing role in the Transcendental Club, a group of leading New England educators, clergy, and intellectuals interested in idealistic religion, philosophy, and literature.

本书是一部讲述西方哲学发展历程的著作，其雏形为梯利教授在大学任教时的讲义。全书分中英文两册，具体分为希腊哲学、中世纪哲学、近代哲学三编。往下又划分为自然哲学、知识和行为问题、重建时期、伦理运动、宗教运动、基督教和中世纪哲学的古典来源、经院哲学的形成期、文艺复兴时期的哲学、英国经验主义的开端、欧洲大陆的唯理论、启蒙运动哲学、康德的批判哲学、德国的唯心主义、黑格尔之后的德国哲学、法国和英国的哲学、法对理性主义和唯心主义等二十篇。篇下设章，讲述更为具体。文后附原书索引，便于读者检索细目。中文字数接近七十万，是一部规模宏大的哲学史著作。此次中英文对照出版，规模浩大，出版方特意延请业内的哲学博士、博士后共同翻译打造校准，力求让此选题更加精准、完善，让更多学人、哲学爱好者，一起了解并传播西方哲学。

本书在对视觉美学设计行了理论讲解和案例分析，尤其是工业设计的基本构图方法，在行归类的基础上，引用了许多著名的典型案例行补充解释对应的知识。大量的图片使枯燥的文字活跃起来，可以帮助读者对学习现代设计获得更深的感性认知。本书实例丰富，突出了比例运用方法的使用要领和技巧。全书实用性强，可借鉴意义很大，是工业设计师必不可少的参考书和工具书。

More’s “Utopia” was written in Latin, and is in two parts, of which the second, describing the place ([Greek text]—or Nusquama, as he called it sometimes in his letters—“Nowhere”), was probably written towards the close of 1515; the first part, introductory, early in 1516. The book was first printed at Louvain, late in 1516, under the editorship of Erasmus, Peter Giles, and other of More’s friends in Flanders. It was then revised by More, and printed by Frobenius at Basle in November, 1518. It was reprinted at Paris and Vienna, but was not printed in England during More’s lifetime. Its first publication in this country was in the English translation, made in Edward’s VI.’s reign (1551) by Ralph Robinson. It was translated with more literary skill by Gilbert Burnet, in 1684, soon after he had conducted the defence of his friend Lord William Russell, attended his execution, vindicated his memory, and been spitefully deprived by James II. of his lectureship at St. Clement’s. Burnet was drawn to the translation of “Utopia” by the same sense of unreason in high places that caused More to write the book. Burnet’s is the translation given in this volume. The name of the book has given an adjective to our language—we call an impracticable scheme Utopian. Yet, under the veil of a playful fiction, the talk is intensely earnest, and abounds in practical suggestion. It is the work of a scholarly and witty Englishman, who attacks in his own way the chief political and social evils of his time. Beginning with fact, More tells how he was sent into Flanders with Cuthbert Tunstal, “whom the king’s majesty of late, to the great rejoicing of all men, did prefer to the office of Master of the Rolls;” how the commissioners of Charles met them at Bruges, and presently returned to Brussels for instructions; and how More then went to Antwerp, where he found a pleasure in the society of Peter Giles which soothed his desire to see again his wife and children, from whom he had been four months away. Then fact slides into fiction with the finding of Raphael Hythloday (whose name, made of two Greek words [Greek text] and [Greek text], means “knowing in trifles”), a man who had been with Amerigo Vespucci in the three last of the voyages to the new world lately discovered, of which the account had been first printed in 1507, only nine years before Utopia was written. Designedly fantastic in suggestion of details, “Utopia” is the work of a scholar who had read Plato’s “Republic,” and had his fancy quickened after reading Plutarch’s account of Spartan life under Lycurgus. Beneath the veil of an ideal communism, into which there has been worked some witty extravagance, there lies a noble English argument. Sometimes More puts the case as of France when he means England. Sometimes there is ironical praise of the good faith of Christian kings, saving the book from censure as a political attack on the policy of Henry VIII. Erasmus wrote to a friend in 1517 that he should send for More’s “Utopia,” if he had not read it, and “wished to see the true source of all political evils.” And to More Erasmus wrote of his book, “A burgomaster of Antwerp is so pleased with it that he knows it all by heart.” Sir Thomas More, son of Sir John More, a justice of the King’s Bench, was born in 1478, in Milk Street, in the city of London. After his earlier education at St. Anthony’s School, in Threadneedle Street, he was placed, as a boy, in the household of Cardinal John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. It was not unusual for persons of wealth or influence and sons of good families to be so established together in a relation of patron and client. The youth wore his patron’s livery, and added to his state. The patron used, afterwards, his wealth or influence in helping his young client forward in the world.

《法义》是柏拉图*长的著作，以探讨“政制与礼法”为主旨。在西方法哲学史上，柏拉图首次考察了立法的目的及其哲学基础、立法与德性等根本问题。本文集选编了潘戈、拉克斯等著名学者的十一篇论文，集中探讨柏拉图《法义》关于立法与德性的问题，主要关注柏拉图这几个方面的论述： 首先，立法不应着眼于战争的胜利和财富，亦即基于*的和片面的德性（勇敢）。克里特和斯巴达之所以如此看待立法的目的，是因为他们将诸城邦间的战争、人人皆敌视为自然状态，从地理性和物质性的“自然”来解释立法的目的，而非依据诸德性的自然秩序和人的自然本性。 其次，真正的立法旨在获得完整的德性：理智、明智、节制、正义和勇敢。立法以完整的德性特别是以理智为目标。因此，柏拉图暗中将哲学设定为立法的基础，也就改变了立法的目的：立法由培养勇敢和追求财富转向追求整体德性和人的完满，立法更应关注灵魂的优异而非身体的需要。 *后，在每一种法律中，都会存在某种德性观，立法的意图应尽量从*的德性转向完整的德性。在此意义上，哲学对立法和政治始终有鉴照作用。指向德政的立法可彰显现实城邦的不足，引领其走向完善。  

我们行哲学思考的原因与旅行的原因是一致的：为了看得更清楚，为了看到更多不同。作者埃里克·韦纳穿越了数千公里，沿着历史上伟大思想家的足迹，在世界上多个城市之间穿行，将自己对哲学的热爱与旅游结合在一起，带读者领略了数千年来塑造人类精神生活的宝贵思想遗产，展了一场探寻生命意义与智慧追求的朝圣之旅。