Human reason, in one sphere of its cognition, is called upon to consider questions, which it cannot decline, as they are presented by its own nature, but which it cannot answer, as they transcend every faculty of the mind. It falls into this difficulty without any fault of its own. It begins with principles, which cannot be dispensed with in the field of experience, and the truth and sufficiency of which are, at the same time, insured by experience. With these principles it rises, in obedience to the laws of its own nature, to ever higher and more remote conditions. But it quickly discovers that, in this way, its labours must remain ever incomplete, because new questions never cease to present themselves; and thus it finds itself compelled to have recourse to principles which transcend the region of experience, while they are regarded by common sense without distrust. It thus falls into confusion and contradictions, from which it conjectures the presence of latent errors, which, however, it is unable to discover, because the principles it employs, transcending the limits of experience, cannot be tested by that criterion. The arena of these endless contests is called Metaphysic.Time was, when she was the queen of all the sciences; and, if we take the will for the deed, she certainly deserves, so far as regards the high importance of her object-matter, this title of honour. Now, it is the fashion of the time to heap contempt and scorn upon her; and the matron mourns, forlorn and forsaken, like Hecuba: At first, her gover Modo maxima rerum, Tot generis, natisque potens... Nunc trahor exul, inops. —Ovid, Metamorphoses. xiii under the administration of the dogmatists, was an absolute despotism. But, as the legislative continued to show traces of the ancient barbaric rule, her empire gradually broke up, and intestine wars introduced the reign of anarchy; while the sceptics, like nomadic tribes, who hate a permanent habitation and settled mode of living, attacked from time to time those who had organized themselves into civil communities. But their number was, very happily, small; and thus they could not entirely put a stop to the exertions of those who persisted in raising new edifices, although on no settled or uniform plan. In recent times the hope dawned upon us of seeing those disputes settled, and the legitimacy of her claims established by a kind of physiology of the human understanding—that of the celebrated Locke. But it was found that—although it was affirmed that this so-called queen could not refer her descent to any higher source than that of common experience, a circumstance which necessarily brought suspicion on her claims—as this genealogy was incorrect, she persisted in the advancement of her claims to sovereignty. Thus metaphysics necessarily fell back into the antiquated and rotten constitution of dogmatism, and again became obnoxious to the contempt from which efforts had been made to save it. At present, as all methods, according to the general persuasion, have been tried in vain, there reigns nought but weariness and complete indifferentism—the mother of chaos and night in the scientific world, but at the same time the source of, or at least the prelude to, the re-creation and reinstallation of a science, when it has fallen into confusion, obscurity, and disuse from ill directed effort. I do not mean by this a criticism of books and systems, but a critical inquiry into the faculty of reason, with reference to the cognitions to which it strives to attain without the aid of experience; in other words, the solution of the question regarding the possibility or impossibility of metaphysics, and the determination of the origin, as well as of the extent and limits of this science. All this must be done on the basis of principles. ABOUT AUTHOR: That all our knowledge begins with experience there can be no doubt. For how is it possible that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise than by means of objects which affect our senses, and partly of themselves produce representations, partly rouse our powers of understanding into activity, to compare to connect, or to separate these, and so to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects, which is called experience? In respect of time, therefore, no knowledge of ours is antecedent to experience, but begins with it. But, though all our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means follows that all arises out of experience. For, on the contrary, it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions, and that which the faculty of cognition supplies from itself (sensuous impressions giving merely the occasion), an addition which we cannot distinguish from the original element given by sense, till long practice has made us attentive to, and skilful in separating it. It is, therefore, a question which requires close investigation, and not to b

The present publication is intended to supply a recognised deficiency in our literature—a library edition of the Essays of Montaigne. This great French writer deserves to be regarded as a classic, not only in the land of his birth, but in all countries and in all literatures. His Essays, which are at once the most celebrated and the most permanent of his productions, form a magazine out of which such minds as those of Bacon and Shakespeare did not disdain to help themselves; and, indeed, as Hallam observes, the Frenchman's literary importance largely results from the share which his mind had in influencing other minds, coeval and subsequent. But, at the same time, estimating the value and rank of the essayist, we are not to leave out of the account the drawbacks and the circumstances of the period: the imperfect state of education, the comparative scarcity of books, and the limited opportunities of intellectual intercourse. Montaigne freely borrowed of others, and he has found men willing to borrow of him as freely. We need not wonder at the reputation which he with seeming facility achieved. He was, without being aware of it, the leader of a new school in letters and morals. His book was different from all others which were at that date in the world. It diverted the ancient currents of thought into new channels. It told its readers, with unexampled frankness, what its writer's opinion was about men and things, and threw what must have been a strange kind of new light on many matters but darkly understood. Above all, the essayist uncased himself, and made his intellectual and physical organism public property. He took the world into his confidence on all subjects. His essays were a sort of literary anatomy, where we get a diagnosis of the writer's mind, made by himself at different levels and under a large variety of operating influences. Of all egotists, Montaigne, if not the greatest, was the most fascinating, because, perhaps, he was the least affected and most truthful. What he did, and what he had professed to do, was to dissect his mind, and show us, as best he could, how it was made, and what relation it bore to external objects. He investigated his mental structure as a schoolboy pulls his watch to pieces, to examine the mechanism of the works; and the result, accompanied by illustrations abounding with originality and force, he delivered to his fellow-men in a book. W. C. H. KENSINGTON, November 1877. THE LIFE OF MONTAIGNE The author of the Essays was born, as he informs us himself, between eleven and twelve o'clock in the day, the last of February 1533, at the chateau of St. Michel de Montaigne. His father, Pierre Eyquem, esquire, was successively first Jurat of the town of Bordeaux (1530), Under-Mayor 1536, Jurat for the second time in 1540, Procureur in 1546, and at length Mayor from 1553 to 1556. He was a man of austere probity, who had "a particular regard for honour and for propriety in his person and attire . . . a mighty good faith in his speech, and a conscience and a religious feeling inclining to superstition, rather than to the other extreme. Between 1556 and 1563 an important incident occurred in the life of Montaigne, in the commencement of his romantic friendship with Etienne de la Boetie, whom he had met, as he tells us, by pure chance at some festive celebration in the town. From their very first interview the two found themselves drawn irresistibly close to one another, and during six years this alliance was foremost in the heart of Montaigne, as it was afterwards in his memory, when death had severed it.

A fi rom?n? ?E o ru?ine!“, exclama Cioran. ?n ce m?sur? filosoful de la Paris avea dreptate? Ce ?nseamn? ?a fi rom?n“ ?ntr-o fals? tranzi?ie care aparent nu se mai termin?? La aceste ?i multe alte ?ntreb?ri ?ncearc? s? r?spund? scriitorul Ionel Necula ?n opus-ul de fa??, care ?nsumeaz? analize ale r?sturn?rilor sociale evidente, ?nregistrate ?n ultimii ?aptesprezece ani. Nu ?ntotdeauna comod, spiritul coroziv al autorului ??i spune cuv?ntul, av?nd uneori accente incendiare.

本书分为四个部分，*部分是西方法哲学名著的解析，全面介绍了法律的概念、正义论等法哲学名著惊醒了全面的介绍和解读；第二部分是西方法哲学学派的书评，包括自然法学派、分析法学派、社会法学派等；第三部分是西方法哲学的专题研究文述、包括古希腊罗马的自然法思想、西方思想是多和和谐社会观等；第四部分是对西方法律思想思学科的回顾与展望，介绍了西方法律思想史学科的综合发展情况及趋势。对于西方法哲学研究者有很好的指引作用。

汇集了南怀瑾先生讲述佛家经典的著述。内容多样，有的讲如何参禅、禅与生命认知，有的讲经典佛经如《金刚经》《圆觉经》《维摩诘经》等，有的讲佛法修持，有的讲佛教发展的历史。学佛须有善知识指引，南先生以过来人的身份，对于理解佛经常见的障碍和学佛修持中容易出现的疑惑及容易走上的歧途，指点得尤为细致。

本套装所收录书目，都与“生命的认知”有关。修行、参禅、养生这些主题，经过个体实践，终都要归结到对个体生命的认知中去。这也是南怀瑾先生一生中一直关注、参研的主题。他以过来人的经验，将自己亲身体认所凝结的智慧贡献于读者，期望对世人有所帮助。

《一切特立独行的人都意味着强大》是一部诺贝尔文学奖得主、法国著名作家加缪关于人生哲学的散文集。 《一切特立独行的人都意味着强大》一书涵盖了加缪整个创作过程中具有重要意义的作品，作者创作这些作品都是取材于周围的生活与人物，从细微之处着手，以日常生活为出发讲述出人生的哲理。 《一切特立独行的人都意味着强大》一书风格多变，情感丰富，有愉悦温馨，也有沉重忧郁，有优美绝伦，也有凄凉悲怆，大悲大喜在书中尽情泼洒，使读者在阅读过程中能够感受到作者真挚、热烈、浓郁的情感。 《一切特立独行的人都意味着强大》一书可以比作是一本心情日记，它详细记录了作者心中的阴晴冷暖，酸甜苦辣，书中的主旨是生活，通过对自然风光的描写，让人对身边的人和事处处充满了热爱，让人们在这个喧闹、繁杂的世界中感受到自然的美好和生活的美妙，享受着生活的乐趣，使人对未来有一个美好的向往。

本书是梁启超先生治清学史的代表著作。作者以时代为经，把有清一代学术思潮之流转分为启蒙期（生）、全盛期（住）、蜕分期（异）、衰落期（灭）四个时期，备述其要；又以人物为纬，对清代各时期的重要学派和代表人物的学术成就、学术观、主要著述、师承关系等提纲挈领、择要发挥，堪为了解清代学术思想的门经典。

《儒学小史》是北大哲学系教授干春松面向大众读者普及儒学发展历程的令人倍感亲切的一部小书。此书以历时性结构组织全书章节，全面梳理儒学从先秦时期直至现代的发展历史。作者从儒家学派的特始着手，探讨分析不同时期“儒”的定位，在下来的每一章节内均概括提炼出不同历史时期儒学发展的几个关键问题与角度展论述，如先秦儒学中“仁”和“礼”的精神、孟子与荀子的学说，汉代儒学发展的关键人物董仲舒、魏晋玄学与儒学的关系、宋明理学、清代汉学与宋学等，并以较大篇幅着重对现代新儒学之概念、儒学发展的新方向以及新儒学谱系行了阐释。全书结构简洁，脉络清晰，不仅全方位地描述了儒家思想的内涵，勾勒出一幅儒学生发、演变的历史全景，更体现了作者对儒学分期的独特思考与对儒学使命的殷切关注。

《春秋策：先秦诸子与史记评述》收藏整理了傅斯年先生关于“战国子家”的珍贵讲义资料，他将中国近代的治学方法和西方的科学方法相结合，概括了诸子百家的源流和特点，并创造了一套具有中国特色又有时代精神的历史研究新方法，为中国传统史学研究开辟了一条新的研究途径。他的新思路备受推崇，在后世有着巨大的影响。

诸子百家学说，一览无余；华夏史诗绝唱，贯通古今。《春秋策：先秦诸子与史记评述》收藏整理了傅斯年先生关于“战国子家”的珍贵讲义资料，他从新的角度概括了诸子百家的源流和特点，为研究“战国子家”提供了新思路，岁后人研究百家学说有着深远的影响。此部分内容都是傅斯年*时期的精华之作，至今仍为学界所推重。

《中国哲学与世界哲学》以分析的重建的方法阐述了中国哲学的主要传统和思想的综合特征，通过分析当代英美哲学的发展阐释西方哲学的特色，以中西哲学家为例比较中西哲学同异，并对中西融合之道、会通之前景、中国哲学与世界哲学的发展等内容行了论述，既体现出中国化特质，又体现出世界化的眼光。

《弟子规》是清朝以来有广泛影响的蒙学读物，与《三字经》、《千字文》等相配合，在推动民间礼义文明和儿童德育事业中发挥了重要作用。《弟子规》的内容来源于《论语》中的“弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁，行有余力，则以学文”，这段话可以视为孔子的教学大纲。《弟子规》包括了孝悌、忠信、仁爱、恭谨等儒家修身功夫，内容具体详尽，紧扣人伦日用，为现今国民教育中*为紧缺的儿童礼仪修养教材。 《〈弟子规〉读本》包括原文、注释、译文、解读等部分，准确阐发了《弟子规》的义理，以及它对于当代青少年教育的现实意义，对儿童修身做人具有重要参考价值。

诸子百家学说，一览无余；华夏史诗绝唱，贯通古今。《春秋策：先秦诸子与史记评述》收藏整理了傅斯年先生关于《史记》的珍贵讲义资料，开创了现代《史记》研究的先河，他将中国近代的治学方法和西方的科学方法相结合，创造了一套具有中国特色又有时代精神的历史研究新方法，为中国传统史学研究开辟了一条新的研究途径。本书内容代表了傅斯年*时期的精华，对后世研究史记有着巨大的影响。

《贺麟中译黑格尔经典著作》套装：小逻辑，黑格尔早期神学著作，精神现象学，哲学史讲演录《小逻辑》“贺麟全集”卷本书是《哲学全书纲要》的部分，通称《小逻辑》，以区别于《大逻辑》（即逻辑学）。全书除导言外，共分:存在论、本质论、概念论三篇，反映了黑格尔哲学体系的基本框架。黑格尔的《小逻辑》是构成他的《哲学全书》的一个主要环节，它的好处在于把握住全系统的轮廓和重点，材料分配均匀，文字简奥紧凑，而义蕴深厚。初看似颇难解，及细加咀嚼，愈觉意味无穷，启发人深思。他的学生在他逝世后编订全集时，再附加以学生笔记作为附释，于是使得这书又有了明白晓畅，亲切感人的特点。《黑格尔早期神学著作》“贺麟全集”第八卷《黑格尔早期神学著作》是著名哲学家、翻译家贺麟的重要译著之一，以八十岁高龄自诺尔编黑格尔著《早期神学著作》的德文原版翻译而成，并参考诺克斯与克朗纳的英译本。本书也是身为译介黑格尔至中国人的贺麟先生，生前后一部黑格尔相关译著。其中收入黑格尔著《民众宗教和基督教》《耶稣传》《基督教的权威性》《基督教的精神及其命运》及《1800年体系残篇》等五篇论文，是了解和研究黑格尔早期神学思想的手资料。《精神现象学》（上下）“贺麟全集”第15—16卷新校重排本，黑格尔哲学的“圣经”，深刻影响马克思、海德格尔、伽达默尔的哲学经典，对勘上卷初版与再版修订译文，存历史原貌利研究之便。《精神现象学》为德国古典哲学大师黑格尔阐述其哲学观点和方法论原则的部纲领性巨著。黑格尔自认此书为其哲学体系的导言。马克思誉《精神现象学》为“黑格尔哲学的真正起源和秘密”和“黑格尔哲学的圣经”。黑格尔通过此书提出，精神现象学是关于意识到达“*知识”或“科学”（即哲学）的道路的科学，它为个体提供了一把攀登*知识的“梯子”。中译本由贺麟、王玖兴合译，分上、下卷先后于1962年和1979年由商务印书馆出版。上卷1979年再版时曾修订译文，以与下卷译名统一，本次整理出版“贺麟全集”版，对勘再版所作修改，择其重要者，以编注形式留存上卷初版原貌。《哲学史讲演录》“贺麟全集”第11—14卷全新校对，重新排版，据贺麟手迹修订部分文字；德国古典哲学大师黑格尔天才的著作之一，哲学史的开山之作和经典； 贺麟弟子、著名哲学教授张祥龙参与修订编辑；重新收入苗力田选译黑格尔哲学史相关书信。《哲学史讲演录》是德国古典哲学大师黑格尔的代表作之一，“哲学史”的开山之作，治哲学者之书。黑格尔一方面将哲学史纳入他的客观唯心主义体系的框架中，把哲学史归结为理念回归自身的*精神阶段；另一方面把辩证法贯彻于哲学史研究，深刻地揭示了哲学史的发展规律。20世纪五六十年代，贺麟、王太庆等先生将其译成中文出版，是贺麟先生译述黑格尔的重要成果。本次收入“贺麟全集”出版，解决了之前版本由于出版时间相隔较远而存在的体例不一等问题，更符合当下阅读习惯。

海德格尔全集第19卷《柏拉图：<智者篇>》收集的是海德格尔于1924—1925年冬季学期在马堡大学所举行的讲座课的内容。全书共81节，由“预备思考”（Vorbetrachtung, §1-3）、“引导部分”（Einleitender Teil, §4-26）、“过渡”（überleitung, §27-32）、“主体部分”（Hauptteil, §33-81）这样几个大部分构成。 在“引导部分”中（共23节），海德格尔主要讨论了亚里士多德《尼各马科伦理学》第六卷、第十卷（6-7章），《形而上学》卷（1-2章）；“主体部分”（共49节）则是对柏拉图《智者篇》的详细研读。海德格尔之所以花那么大的篇幅来阐释亚里士多德，那是因为他基于解释学原则，把亚里士多德视为理解柏拉图的起点（Ausgang），通达柏拉图的门径；该书中的这部分内容也构成了海德格尔的亚里士多德思想解释的重要组成部分。至于对柏拉图晚期对话《智者篇》的解读，更是清晰地展露出了海德格尔思想中的双重主题“是”（Sein）与“真”（Wahrheit）之间的内在联系。 该书的另一重要价值在于同海德格尔的主要著作Sein und Zeit之间的内在关联。无论是在时间上（Sein und Zeit虽首次发表于1927年春，但其实际完成时间为1926年4月左右），还是在内容上，该书都可视为Sein und Zeit的序曲，这对于理解Sein und Zeit具有不可替代的价值。

　　在《道德情操论》中，斯密谈到本性贪婪和自私的地主的行为动机时说：“富人只是从这大量的产品中选用了贵重和中意的东西。他们的消费量比穷人少；尽管他们的天性是自私的和贪婪的，虽然他们只图自己方便，虽然他们雇用千百人来为自己劳动的目的是满足自己无聊而又贪得无厌的欲望……”。在《国富论》中，斯密又谈到唯利是图的资本家的行为动机。他说：“把资本用来支持产业的人，既以牟取利润为目的，他自然总会努力使他用其资本所支持的产业的生产物能具有*价值，换言之，能交换*数量的货币或其它货物。” 　　在斯密看来，个人利益是人们从事经济活动的出发点；而从利己出发从事经济活动的人，就是斯密所假设的“经济人”（主要是指资本家）。正因为斯密把利己主义作为“经济人”活动的根据，所以，西方某些研究者既把斯密看成是古典经济学的主要代表人物，又把他看作是一个信奉“适者生存”的被现金交易关系和残忍的竞争所支配的理论家。

百年大师经典书系(中国人的修养+中国人的品德+中国人的禅修)(套装共3册)。《中国人的修养》完美结合了中华传统文化中的修身、齐家、治国、平天下与现代公民应具备的素养，通过细微事件，具体、详尽地阐述了建设规范、道德社会的方法，是一部值得所有国人阅读的书。 　　它主要包括四部分，华工学校讲义（德育三十篇，智育十篇），中学修身教科书上篇，中学修身教科书下篇，关于国民之修养。这是一部百年罕见的公民道德实践之书，放在现在意义非凡。今天中国的青年，若想要从我做起，培养健全的人格、塑造合格的公民，《中国人的修养》实具有重要的指导价值。 　　《中国人的品德》精选了傅斯年关于中国人的品德与中国文化的深层次思考，主要包括六部分：1中国人的品德，2我们需要什么样的社会和政府，3民主与自由，4事业与人生，5我们需要什么样的文学，6我们需要什么样的教育；这些文章对于处于转型期的中国社会和探索人生的读者极具启示。 　　《中国人的禅修》阐述了弘一法师关于人生修养与佛学智慧的文章。在这部著作中，弘一法师以大学者、大艺术家的俗家修为，向常人揭示了佛门的真谛和人生的真义。书中收集的弘一法师说佛讲禅的内容，很多是整理出版。在这本著作中，除了弘一法师的著作之外，还有一部分他的演讲稿与处世格言，这些内容被梁实秋、林语堂等名家誉为“一字千金，值得所有人慢慢阅读、慢慢体味、用一生的时间静静领悟”。 　　弘一大师平生注重实践，本书可谓要言不烦，只要用心品读，定可见大师的慈悲心怀，并用以启迪我们的人生。

《春秋左氏传》（或称 《左氏春秋》，简称《左传》），多以史实解释《春秋》，起自鲁隐公元年（前722年），迄于鲁哀公二十七年（前468年），以记事为主，兼载言论，叙述详明，文字生动简洁，全面反映了当时的社会历史面貌，既是重要的儒家经典，又是我国部完整的编年体史书，在文学上也有很高的成就。

书收录文章包括《既无宫廷，又无茅屋或1840年社会问题原理》、《平等人的历史或在人间建立*平等的方法》、《公有制不再是空想！对共产主义者审判的结果》等。

本书共分两部分。部分标题是“人”，作者说明所有意识、宗教、道德、法律、真理、国家、社会、人民、民族、祖国、人类以至世界本身都是旨在通过各种非个人的普遍的东西来奴役个人；第二部分标题是“我”，指出了自我彻底解放的道路。