All instruction given or received by way of argument proceeds from pre-existent knowledge. This becomes evident upon a survey of all the species of such instruction. The mathematical sciences and all other speculative disciplines are acquired in this way, and so are the two forms of dialectical reasoning, syllogistic and inductive; for each of these latter make use of old knowledge to impart new, the syllogism assuming an audience that accepts its premisses, induction exhibiting the universal as implicit in the clearly known particular. Again, the persuasion exerted by rhetorical arguments is in principle the same, since they use either example, a kind of induction, or enthymeme, a form of syllogism.

As to the divination which takes place in sleep, and is said to be based on dreams, we cannot lightly either dismiss it with contempt or give it implicit confidence. The fact that all persons, or many, suppose dreams to possess a special significance, tends to inspire us with belief in it, as founded on the testimony of experience; and indeed that divination in dreams should, as regards some subjects, be genuine, is not incredible, for it has a show of reason; from which one might form a like opinion also respecting all other dreams.

Having now definitely considered the soul, by itself, and its several faculties, we must next make a survey of animals and all living things, in order to ascertain what functions are peculiar, and what functions are common, to them. What has been already determined respecting the soul must be assumed throughout. The remaining parts of our subject must be now dealt with, and we may begin with those that come first.

Let us now discuss sophistic refutations, i.e. what appear to be refutations but are really fallacies instead. Some reasonings are genuine, while others seem to be so but are not, is evident. This happens with arguments, as also elsewhere, through a certain likeness between the genuine and the sham.

We must now treat of youth and old age and life and death. We must probably also at the same time state the causes of respiration as well, since in some cases living and the reverse depend on this.

Every systematic science, the humblest and the noblest alike, seems to admit of two distinct kinds of proficiency; one of which may be properly called scientific knowledge of the subject, while the other is a kind of educational acquaintance with it. For an educated man should be able to form a fair off-hand judgement as to the goodness or badness of the method used by a professor in his exposition. To be educated is in fact to be able to do this; and even the man of universal education we deem to be such in virtue of his having this ability.

The Enchiridion or Manual of Epictetus is a guide on Stoic philosophy and ethical advice compiled by Arrian, a 2nd-century disciple of the Greek philosopher Epictetus. The book has played a disproportionately large role in the rise of modern attitudes and modern philosophy. Montaigne had a copy of the Enchiridion among his books. Frederick the Great carried the book with him on all campaigns. It was a source of inspiration and encouragement to Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, in the serious illness which ended only in his death; many pages of his diaries contain passages copied from the Enchiridion. It has been studied and widely quoted by Scottish philosophers like Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith, and Adam Ferguson who valued Stoic moral philosophy for its reconciliation of social dependency and personal independence.

THE TALE OF A TROOPER is a first-hand account in novel form of World War I by soldier, author, and distinguished New Zealand activist for the blind, Clutha N. Mackenzie. ? Blinded in action in 1915, while serving with the Wellington Mounted Rifles in Egypt and Gallipoli, Mackenzie presents a profound chronicle of the global warfare as seen from the eyes of an ordinary soldier -- by an author who will never see again.

This eBook features the unabridged text of ‘The Touchstone by Edith Wharton - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)’ from the bestselling edition of ‘The Complete Works of Edith Wharton’. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. The Delphi Classics edition of Wharton includes original annotations and illustrations relating to the life and works of the author, as well as individual tables of contents, allowing you to navigate eBooks quickly and easily. eBook features: * The complete unabridged text of ‘The Touchstone by Edith Wharton - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)’ * Beautifully illustrated with images related to Wharton’s works * Individual contents table, allowing easy navigation around the eBook * Excellent formatting of the text Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to learn more about our wide range of titles

This eBook features the unabridged text of ‘The Captive by Marcel Proust - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)’ from the bestselling edition of ‘The Complete Works of Marcel Proust’. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. The Delphi Classics edition of Proust includes original annotations and illustrations relating to the life and works of the author, as well as individual tables of contents, allowing you to navigate eBooks quickly and easily. eBook features: * The complete unabridged text of ‘The Captive by Marcel Proust - Delphi Classics (Illustrated)’ * Beautifully illustrated with images related to Proust’s works * Individual contents table, allowing easy navigation around the eBook * Excellent formatting of the text Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to learn more about our wide range of titles

Account of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, first published in 1865. According to Wikipedia: "George Alfred Townsend (January 30, 1841 – April 15, 1914), was a noted war correspondent during the American Civil War, and a later novelist. Townsend wrote under the pen name "Gath", which was derived by adding an "H" to his initials, and inspired by the biblical passage II Samuel 1:20, "Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askalon"... He is considered to have been the youngest correspondent of the war. In 1865, Townsend was Washington correspondent for the New York World, covering the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and its aftermath. His daily reports filed between April 17 – May 17 were published later in 1865 as a book, The Life, Crime, and Capture of John Wilkes Booth."

First published in the 19th century. Written by a brigadier general from the U.S. The book begins: "In universal history there is no more interesting subject for the consideration of the political student than the record of Russian progress through Central Asia. In one sense this advance is a practical reestablishment or extension of the influence of the Aryan race in countries long dominated by peoples of Turki or Mongolian origin; in another sense it has resulted in a transition from the barbarism or rude forms of Asiatic life to the enlightenment and higher moral development of a European age. In a religious sense it embodies a crusade against Oriental fanaticism; and it is a curious feature of the Anglo-Russian dispute, that upon a question of temporal gain, the greatest Christian nation finds itself allied with the followers of Buddha and Mahomet against Russia under the Banner of the Cross."

Based on research completed in 1997. Originally published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress as part of the Country Studies/Area Handbook Series sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Army between 1986 and 1998. Each study offers a comprehensive description and analysis of the country or region's historical setting, geography, society, economy, political system, and foreign policy.

What is the meaning and purpose of life?’ ?This is, perhaps, the most important question that has ever been asked.? Throughout the ages, philosophers have considered it to be the most fundamental question.? Scientists, historians, philosophers, writers, psychologists and the common man all wrestle with the question at some point in their lives.? ‘Why do we eat?’ ?‘Why do we sleep?’ ?‘Why do we work?’ ?The answers we would get to these questions would be similar.? ‘I eat to live.’ ?‘I sleep to rest.’ ?‘I work to support myself and my family.’ ?But when it comes to what the purpose of life is, people are confused.? We see their confusion by the type of answers we receive.? Youths may say, "I live for booze and bikinis."? The middle aged professional might say, "I live to save enough for a comfortable retirement."? The old man would probably say, "I’ve been asking why I’m here most of my life.? If there’s a purpose, I don’t care anymore." ?And perhaps the most common answer will be, "I really don’t know!" How, then, do you discover the purpose of life? ?We basically have two options.? The first is to let ‘human reason’ - the celebrated achievement of the Enlightenment - guide us.? After all, the Enlightenment gave us modern science based on careful observation of the natural world.? But have post-Enlightenment philosophers figured it out? ?Camus described life as "absurd"; Sartre spoke of "anguish, abandonment and despair." ?To these Existentialists, life has no meaning. Islam is the response to humanity’s search for meaning.? The purpose of creation for all men and women for all times has been one: to know and worship God. The Quran teaches us that every human being is born conscious of God, "(Remember) when your Lord extracted from the loins of Adam’s children their descendants and made them testify [saying]: ‘Am I not your Lord?’ ?They said: ‘Yes, we testify to it.’ ?(This was) in case you say on the Day of Judgment: ‘We were unaware of this.’ ?Or you say: ‘It was our ancestors who worshipped others besides God and we are only their descendants.? Will you then destroy us for what those liars did?’"(Quran 7:172-173) The Prophet of Islam teaches us that God created this primordial need in human nature at the time Adam was made.? God took a covenant from Adam when He created him.? God extracted all of Adam’s descendants who were yet to be born, generation after generation, spread them out, and took a covenant from them.? He addressed their souls directly, making them bear witness that He was their Lord.? Since God made all human beings swear to His Lordship when He created Adam, this oath is imprinted on the human soul even before it enters the fetus, and so a child is born with a natural belief in the Oneness of God.? This natural belief is called fitra in Arabic.

A profoundly influential figure in American psychology, William James (1842–1910) was also a philosopher of note, who used Charles S. Peirce's theories of pragmatism as a basis for his own conception of that influential philosophy. For James, this meant an emphasis on "radical empiricism" and the concept that the meaning of any idea — philosophical, political, social, or otherwise — has validity only in terms of its experiential and practical consequences. James propounded his theories of pragmatism in this book, one of the most important in American philosophy. In a sense, he wished to test competing systems of thought in the "marketplace of actual experience" to determine their validity, i.e. whether adopting a particular philosophical theory or way of looking at the world makes an actual difference in individual conduct or in how we perceive and react to the varieties of experience. In these pages, James not only makes a strong case for his own ideas, but mounts a powerful attack against the transcendental and rationalist tradition. For anyone interested in William James or the history of American philosophical thought, Pragmatism is an essential and thought provoking reference. In this handy, inexpensive edition, it will challenge and stimulate any thinking person.

In 1914, Coningsby Dawson went to Ottawa, saw Sir Sam Hughes, and was offered a commission in the Canadian Field Artillery on the completion of his training at the Royal Military College of Canada, at Kingston, Ontario. "His long training at Kingston had been very severe. It included besides the various classes which he attended a great deal of hard exercise, long rides or foot marches over frozen roads before breakfast, and so forth."

First published in 1903. Biographies of Balfour, Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery, Chamberlain, Labourchere, Morley, Burns, Hicks-Beach, Redmond,Harcourt, Bryce, Campbell-Bannerman, and the Earl of Aberdeen.

First published in 1880. According to Wikipedia: "The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. In 1874, Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army.[6] Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government[7][8] and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply.[9] Cetshwayo did not comply and Bartle Frere sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand.[10] The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including a stunning opening victory by the Zulu at Isandlwana, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region. The war eventually resulted in a British victory and the end of the Zulu nation's independence."

Originally published by the CIA, as an unclassified public document. Douglas MacEachin served as CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence from 1993 to 1995 during his thirty-two year career at CIA. Mr. MacEachin was an officer-in-residence at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, from 1995 to 1997, subsequently becoming a senior at the Kennedy School.

Tiada habisnya orang-orang kafir mengzalimi Rasulullah SAW. Mulai dari memfitnah hingga menyuruh Rasul melakukan sesuatu yang menurut mereka hal yang mustahil, yaitu membelah bulan. Namun, dengan izin Allah SWT, Rasulullah SAW dapat melaluinya dengan sabar. Jumlah orang-orang mukmin terus bertambah seiring berjalannya waktu. Sementara itu, orang-orang jahat tidak juga menghentikan kekejaman mereka. Mereka bahkan terus menantang Rasulullah SAW. Pada suatu hari, orang-orang kafir kembali mengelilingi Rasulullah SAW. Mereka punya rencana baru untuk menyudutkan beliau. Mereka meminta Rasul SAW melakukan sesuatu yang menurut mereka mustahil untuk dilakukan. Nanti saat melihat beliau tidak bisa melakukannya, mereka akan mengolok-olok beliau. Dengan pemikiran seperti itu, mereka berkata, "Kalau engkau memang seorang nabi, tunjukkan mukjizat kepada kamu. Misalnya, belahlah bulan purnama di atas kepala kita menjadi dua. Letakkan yang sebelah di atas gunung ini dan sebelah lagi di atas gunung itu," kata orang-orang kafir. "Kalau aku dapat melakukannya apakah kalian akan percaya padaku?" tanya Rasul SAW, merekapun menjawab ya…….

Dalam menjalani kehidupan ini, kita pasti pernah berbuat salah dan dosa. Hal demikian adalah manusiawi. Sebab, bukankah Rasulullah SAW berkata, "Setiap anak cucu Adam memiliki dosa, dan sebaik-baik pendosa adalah dia yang bertobat." (HR Ibnu Majah). Mengapa demikian? Sebab, manusia diciptakan dalam keadaan lemah. (QS An-nisa: 28). Manusia yang lemah itu diberikan jalan tobat sebagai wujud kasih sayang Allah SWT kepada kita. Suatu hari, Umar bin Khattab RA datang menghadap Rasulullah saw dengan membawa beberapa orang tawanan. Di antara tawanan itu terlihat seorang wanita sedang mencari-cari anaknya, lalu jika ia mendapatkan seorang bayi di antara tawanan langsung mengambil bayi itu, mendekapkannya ke perut untuk disusui. Rasulullah saw berkata kepada kami, "Bagaimana pendapat kamu sekalian, apakah wanita ini akan melemparkan anaknya ke dalam api?" Kami menjawab, "Tidak, demi Allah, sedangkan dia mampu untuk tidak melemparnya."? Rasulullah saw bersabda, "Sungguh Allah lebih mengasihi hamba-Nya daripada wanita ini terhadap anaknya." (HR Muslim). Karena sedemikian kasih dan sayangnya Allah pada kita, Allah sangat senang bila seorang hamba telanjur berbuat dosa lalu bertobat, berjanji sepenuh hati tak akan pernah mengulangi perbuatannya.