n eseul Despre prostie (ber die Dummheit, 1937) subiectul este tratat, ca de obicei, cu toate resursele familiare autorului: analiza filosofic se combin cu observaiile de tip psihologic i cu constatri din istorie i politologie. Dei proiectul iniiat de acest eseu nu a fost finalizat, se remarc, totui, atenta cartografiere a fenomenelor asociate prostiei, tratate n stilul ironiei constructive“, att de specific lui Musil.

In The philosophy of mathematics, mathematics employee classification efforts to understand the philosophy is the branch.?The main question is related to the source of the object that is the subject of mathematics and mathematics. In particular examine the characteris-tics of a true proposition:??? What are the sources of mathematical subject matter??? What is about the meaning of a mathematical object??? What is the nature of a mathematical proposition??? What is the relationship between logic and mathematics??? What is the role of mathematics hermeneutic??? Mathematics played a role in the investigation which type?? What is the subject of mathematical investigations??? What is the human traits behind mathematics??? What is mathematical beauty??? What is the nature and source of mathematical truth???What is the relationship between mathematics and abstract material universe with the world???Another important issue is the reality of a mathematical the-ory. Mathematics (from the Natural Sciences as different) experimentally is sought reasons to find real specific mathematical theory can not be tested (see. Epistemology). Luitz that Brouwer 's laid the foundation for intuitionist mathematics of the representatives knew of this view. The logical mathematics is the approach of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege was defended by David Hilbert, formalism is considered the repre-sentative of the current. Traditionalism logician the empiricist's (Rudolf Carnap, A. J. Ayer, Carl Hempel) were represented by one of the key issues in the philosophy of mathematics is also important to regard the certainty problem. Austrian logician Kurt G?del's also work Mathema-tics and mathematics.

M. Lévy-Bruhl then explains that, whilst recognising the entire coherence of Comte’s collective labours, he proposes to confine his present study to the earlier and principal work, the Philosophy, which in M. Lévy-Bruhl’s opinion is the dominant and more fruitful composition.??This he regards as the representative work of the nineteenth century, as shown by the intellectual history of the period. He points to its influence on thought in England, in Europe, and in America. It will surprise many persons to learn that in M. Lévy-Bruhl’s opinion two eminent French writers, who assuredly neither were, nor were supposed to be, Positivists, “have done more for the diffusion of the ideas and method of Comte than Littré and all the other Positivists together.” ??These two are Taine and Renan, much as they differed from Comte’s actual scheme and doctrines. Renan indeed spoke of Comte as destined to prove one of the typical names of the century. The present writer remembers Renan saying to him with a most genial welcome, “I too am a believer in the religion of humanity.” ??Professor Lévy-Bruhl followed up his History of Modern Philosophy in France by a substantial work on the philosophy of Auguste Comte. It forms a volume of the Bibliothèque de Philosophie Contemporaine, which has already devoted four other works to the Positive Philosophy. It is as well to premise that this treatise dealt solely with the philosophy, not with the polity, or any part of the religious scheme of Comte. Professor Lévy-Bruhl writes as a student, but not as an adherent of Auguste Comte. His entire work is rather an exposition, not a refutation, or a criticism, or an advocacy of Comte’s philosophical system. But it may be said at once that no one abroad or at home, certainly neither Mill, nor Lewes, nor Spencer, nor Caird, has so truly grasped and assimilated Comte’s ideas as M. Lévy-Bruhl has done.??In his Introduction M. Lévy-Bruhl very clearly states the scope of his work, and his own general attitude. He traces the origin of Comte’s philosophy in the mental effervescence of the first generation of the present century towards a reorganisation of society, after the upheaval left by the Revolution and its consequences. He correctly states the relation of St. Simon to Comte as being that of an initial stimulus. ??The cardinal difference between Comte and all the socialists and founders of social and religious Utopias consisted in this, that Comte saw the necessity of a new system of philosophy as the indispensable preliminary to any reorganisation of society.

Critica ra?iunii pure, tradus? de Nicolae Bagdasar ?i Elena Moisuc ?n 1969, a ajuns la cea de-a treia edi?ie. Cu acest prilej, profesorul dr. Ilie P?rvu, de la Facultatea de Filosofie a Universit??ii din Bucure?ti a ?ngrijit noua opera?ie de editare, fiind astfel corectate unele erori de tipar ?i unele inconsecven?e terminologice. Totodat?, exist? un motiv ?n plus pentru ca studen?ii care posed? edi?ia a II-a a traducerii, ap?rut? ?n 1995, s? apeleze ?i la cea de-a treia edi?ie: ?n aceasta din urm? au fost indicate diferen?ele dintre edi?ia I german? (din 1781) ?i edi?ia a II-a (din 1787).

Volumul red? circuitului public, pentru prima oar? ?n limba rom?n?, trei din operele g?nditorului atenian. Este vorba de Scrisori (?n num?r de treisprezece, deosebit de importante pentru cunoa?terea g?ndirii platoniciene, dar ?i pentru ?n?elegerea epocii ?i a personalit??ilor cu care a venit ?n contact filosoful), Dialoguri suspecte (Minos, Rivalii, Theages, Hipparhos, Clitofon) ?i Dialoguri apocrife (Axiohos, Despre drept, Despre virtute, Demodocus, Sisyfos, Eryxias).Traducerea apara?ine lui ?tefan Bezdechi, care a realizat ?i aparatul critic al Scrisorilor (introducere ?i note).

Ralph Waldo Emerson, was born at Boston in 1803 into a distinguished family of New England Unitarian ministers. His was the eighth generation to enter the ministry in a dynasty that reached back to the earliest days of Puritan America. Despite the death of his father when Emerson was only eleven, he was able to be educated at Boston Latin School and then Harvard, from which he graduated in 1821. After several years of reluctant school teaching, he returned to the Harvard Divinity School, entering the Unitarian ministry during a period of robust ecclesiastic debate. By 1829 Emerson was married and well on his way to a promising career in the church through his appointment to an important congregation in Boston. However, his career in the ministry did not last long. Following the death of his first wife, Ellen, his private religious doubts led him to announce his resignation to his congregation, claiming he was unable to preach a doctrine he no longer believed and that "to be a good minister it was necessary to leave the ministry."With the modest legacy left him from his first wife, Emerson was able to devote himself to study and travel. In Europe he met many of the important Romantic writers whose ideas on art, philosophy, and literature were transforming the writing of the Nineteenth Century. He also continued to explore his own ideas in a series of voluminous journals which he had kept from his earliest youth and from which virtually all of his literary creation would be generated. Taking up residence in Concord, Massachusetts, Emerson devoted himself to study, writing and a series of public lectures in the growing lyceum movement. From these lyceum addresses Emerson developed and then in 1836 published his most important work, Nature. Its publication also coincided with his organizing role in the Transcendental Club, a group of leading New England educators, clergy, and intellectuals interested in idealistic religion, philosophy, and literature.

The Prince (Italian: Il Principe) is a political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. From correspondence a version appears to have been distributed in 1513, using a Latin title, De Principatibus (About Principalities). But the printed version was not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. This was done with the permission of the Medici pope Clement VII, but "long before then, in fact since the first appearance of the Prince in manuscript, controversy had swirled about his writings" Although it was written as if it were a traditional work in the Mirror of Princes style, it is generally agreed that it was especially innovative, and not only because it was written in Italian rather than Latin. The Prince is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. It was also in direct conflict with the dominant Catholic and scholastic doctrines of the time concerning how to consider politics and ethics. Although it is relatively short, the treatise is the most remembered of his works and the one most responsible for bringing "Machiavellian" into wide usage as a pejorative term. It also helped make "Old Nick" an English term for the devil, and even contributed to the modern negative connotations of the words "politics" and "politician" in western countries. In terms of subject matter it overlaps with the much longer Discourses on Livy, which was written a few years later. In its use of examples who were politically active Italians who perpetrated criminal deeds for politics, another lesser-known work by Machiavelli which The Prince has been compared to is the Life of Castruccio Castracani. The descriptions within The Prince have the general theme of accepting that ends of princes, such as glory, and indeed survival, can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends.

Dignità o miseria della natura umana? ?C'è un principio supposto prevalere tra molti che è del tutto incompatibile con ogni virtù o senso morale [...] Questo principio è che ogni benevolenza è mera ipocrisia, l'amicizia un inganno, lo spirito pubblico una farsa, la fedeltà un trucco per procurare fiducia e confidenza; e mentre tutti noi, in fondo, perseguiamo solo il nostro interesse privato, indossiamo questi bei travestimenti in modo da abbassare le difese degli altri ed esporli maggiormente alle nostre astuzie e macchinazioni?... Le meditazioni senza tempo di uno dei più grandi filosofi europei. SOMMARIO: Introduzione e avvertenza ai testi / Nota bibliografica: una mappa degli studi (di Fabrizio Pinna) - David Hume: Dignità o miseria della natura umana? / L'Amore di Sé. APPENDICE: Of the Dignity or Meanness of Human Nature; Of Self-love; My Own Life & Letter from Adam Smith, LL. D. to William Strahan, Esq.; Of the Reason of Animals; Of the Immortality of the Soul; Of Superstition and Enthusiasm; Of some Verbal Disputes. LE COLLANE IN/DEFINIZIONI & CON(TRO)TESTI

Imagineaz?-?i c? e?ti într-o ma?in? a timpului care te poart? înainte ?i înapoi prin propria via??. Te duce în trecut, la anii copil?riei, când înv??ai s? mergi pe biciclet?, apoi te face s? revezi primul t?u s?rut, cel dintâi serviciu sau anii mai târzii, când te confrun?i, eventual, cu divor?ul. Înso?it de Platon, afl? ce spun marii gânditori ai lumii despre toate aceste pietre de hotar de pe drumul vie?ii noastre. Aristotel î?i va vorbi despre importan?a începerii ?colii, Freud despre îndr?gostire, Heidegger despre implica?iile psihologice ale mutatului, iar Nietzsche despre criza vârstei de mijloc. La drum cu Platon te ajut? s? în?elegi ?i s? vezi cu al?i ochi evenimentele majore, momentele-cheie ?i fazele de tranzi?ie din via?a ta, f?când filosofia s? par? accesibil? ?i plin? de umor!

O que somos?De onde viemos?!Para onde vamos? A que caminhos a vida nos leva? Essas e outras quest?es aflitivas e de todos os tempos nos s?o solucionadas por León Denis neste opúsculo. Filho da dor, Denis sabe, como você também, o quanto viver, muitas vezes é sofrer. E por isso apresenta, de modo t?o leve a solu??o espírita, racional, para o problema do existir. Mais do que um livro de Filosofia espírita, você tem em m?os palavras de consolo e estímulo para que cada trope?o do caminho seja compreendido e por assim dizer, aproveitado! Venha acompanhar-nos nesta viagem e descubra, em rápidos parágrafos os porquês de sua vida, da nossa vida, do planeta, do Universo.? Aos poucos, entenderemos com a lógica espírita como tudo esta em seu devido lugar.

本书是蔡尚思先生毕生研究《论语》心得的全面总结。蔡先生将《论语》全书归纳为若干问题，以《论语》证明《论语》，引导读者根据经典原文展争鸣。全书分为两部分，上编导读部分重讨论了研究《论语》须知的各种问题。下编类编简释部分是吴瑞武先生在参阅古今多种《论语》注释本，吸收历代学者研究成果，并多所采纳蔡尚思先生见解的基础上做的评注。注释力求简要、全面、易懂，并尽可能反映自古以来不同意见的争鸣。方便读者全面研读《论语》，系统了解孔子思想。

谶纬是兴盛于汉代、流行于魏晋南北朝时期的一种学术思潮，它对汉魏六朝时期的社会政治和思想文化等各方面都产生了很大的影响，其中也对文学产生了重要的影响。本书分四个部分：*部分概述谶纬、谶纬的图像文本、谶纬的文学意义，以及《河图》《洛书》的神话；第二部分谶纬与古代文学创作的关系研究，对谶纬与谣谶、辞赋、志怪小说、诗谶和明清小说等不同文体的关系作了考察与论述；第三部分谶纬中的乐论和诗论研究；第四部分《文心雕龙》中有关谶纬与文学关系的问题研究。通过对谶纬与文学关系的研究，使我们更加清楚地看到古代文学、文学理论与学术思潮之间的关系。

本书分为上、下两编。上编简要梳理西方和中国古今公平正义理论，重阐述马克思主义公平正义理论的基本立场、中国特色社会主义公平正义理论的要义，揭示公平正义与社会物质生活条件、社会利益关系之间的深刻联系，以及公平正义理念对实现社会主义时代人民美好生活的重大意义。下编重探讨中国特色社会主义事业程中通过法治实现社会公平正义的实践问题。践行符合时代发展需要的公平正义理念，才能真正实现良法善治，公平正义引导法治的价值走向。法治的立法、执法、司法、守法等各个环节都对推动社会公平正义发挥着不可替代的重要功能。全面推依法治国，是全面推公平正义的重要要求。

从历史的视角，审视死亡观在人类发展程中的演变 与其执着于对人类终极命运的反思，不如在生命始与结束之间构建意义 正因为死亡无所不在，所以死亡无疑成了与人的悲伤、痛苦、哀嚎、永恒的分离联结*为紧密的一件事，总是让人心生畏惧。但同时死亡对万物生灵又是*公平的，它不因贫富、美丑、胖瘦的差异而有丝毫的改变。而从古至今，人类对于死亡以及想象中的来生的感情和态度却发生了很大的变化。 本书作者斯佩尔曼参考考古学家和古人类学家的研究成果，从各个角度对西方传统中关于死亡和濒死的观行了解读，探讨了人类是如何理解和面对生命的消失的，以帮助我们深刻了解史前人类对待死亡的态度。他还追溯了千百万年来导致人类死亡的各种方式，既包括导致死亡的原因，也包括对于致人死亡的种种行为的看法。 另外，他还基于西方伟大的哲学和科学传统，从宗教和世俗-科学的观对三种认识死亡意义的方法行了深研究，同时也为当代有关临终问题的争论——尤其是为长寿和生命质量之间的对立冲突提供了更为宏大的语境，有很强的时代性和启发意义。

本书分为四个部分，*部分是西方法哲学名著的解析，全面介绍了法律的概念、正义论等法哲学名著惊醒了全面的介绍和解读；第二部分是西方法哲学学派的书评，包括自然法学派、分析法学派、社会法学派等；第三部分是西方法哲学的专题研究文述、包括古希腊罗马的自然法思想、西方思想是多和和谐社会观等；第四部分是对西方法律思想思学科的回顾与展望，介绍了西方法律思想史学科的综合发展情况及趋势。对于西方法哲学研究者有很好的指引作用。

本书是写给普通人的因果逻辑门书，旨在帮助读者培养严谨的思维方式，在不借助任何专业知识的前提下，准确定位问题。主要内容包括：认识原因，对原因的理解和运用，如何只通过观察找到原因，大数据集与原因的关系，因果关系相关实验，如何利用因果关系来制定有效的干预措施，研究因果关系的意义。 本书适合所有对探究事件真相感兴趣的读者，无须统计学等专业背景。

本书共九章，分别为殿之基、事物、填补鸿沟、因果律、目的、意愿、判断、真理、表象与实在。作者逐一讲述了循着两位伟大的欧洲思想家的脚步如何建立一种*确定的真相；什么是客体的本质、何为*性质与第二性质、本体又是什么、以及另一出路，等等。

● 理性主义驱散了封建专制和教会特权的阴霾，带来了自由、平等和科学的光芒。启蒙运动造就了今天的西方社会，更是现代许多思想和文明的起。了解西方文化历史，了解整个世界的发展变革，启蒙运动是个起，但绝不是终。理性思维真的战胜了无知和偏执吗？它带来的是宽容还是虚伪？它真的是确保人类福祉的关键力量吗？直到今天，由启蒙运动引发的话题争论仍旧如火如荼。 ● 在这本《人人都该懂的启蒙运动》中，吉隆·奥哈拉跨越两大洲、三次革命和广泛的历史研究，用独特的视角来审视这个时代。他将启蒙运动描述为一个不断发展的思想和思想家的集合体，并对当时的哲学、政治理论、科学、宗教、艺术的影响行了新颖的评估，展现了启蒙运动延续至今的持久影响力。 ● 《人人都该懂的启蒙运动》属于湛庐文化重磅推出的“新素养系列”图书之一。本系列图书致力于推广通识阅读，扩展读者的阅读面，培养批判性思考的能力。其中涵盖了哲学、心理学、法律、艺术、物理学、生物科技等诸多人文科学和自然科学的知识，其中《人人都该懂的启蒙运动》所介绍的“启蒙运动”是了解西方哲学和历史非常重要的一部分。

　　本书是朱熹四十岁后与弟子日常问答的语录类编。学习儒学绕不朱子，《朱子语类》是所有儒学爱好者都可以读懂的经典门书。 　　全书分门别类完整记录了朱熹的哲学体系。从世界本原到人生哲学，再到格物致知、知行相须等为学力行的方法，*后逐一讲解《四书六经》。书中全是口语对谈，还原真实语境，带你重返朱子讲学现场。即通俗易懂，又直抵原意。 　　《朱子语类》宋本已佚。本版本选取明成化九年（1473年）陈炜刻本为底本，参考了现有的古籍整理成果，以简体横排标本的形式呈现。

《儒学六讲》是国学大师梁启超为一般读者讲解儒家文化的普及读物，代表了梁启超儒学研究的精髓。《儒学六讲》系统讲述了自孔子至清末民初两千五百年中儒学的起源、变迁、继承、演化和影响，介绍了孔子、董仲舒、程颐、程颢、张载、朱熹、陆九渊、王阳明等儒学代表人物的学说主张，帮助读者了解儒学各个流派在不同时空内的流衍变化。《儒学六讲》以梁启超在清华国学院讲课稿为底本，通俗易懂，深刻全面，是读者了解儒家哲学和中国文化不可不读的一本经典读物。

为什么一直拼命努力却无法获得理想的业绩？为什么总有一些人能轻轻松松地实现目标？严格按照上司或客户的要求工作，就一定能让对方满意吗？如何才能读懂趋势，及时赶上下一个风口？ 回答上面这些问题的关键，在于能否从更高维度发现问题和解决问题。本书通过大量职场问题的解决案例，详细解析了运用“元思维”实现高维度思考的两种方法：Why型思维和类推思维。Why型思维通过追问上层目的，帮助我们冲破思维定式和狭隘视野，洞察问题的本质；类推思维通过放眼大千世界，教我们如何从其他领域借鉴灵感，从而实现跳跃式创意。 如果你正被繁重的工作压得喘不过气来，或者正因为创意陷僵局而一筹莫展，那么不妨按着本书的提示，启一段简单高效的职场问题解决训练吧。如果能像无人机一样，像谷歌地球一样，从杂务中抽离出来，拉长镜头看一看，你会发现崭新的世界、不同的视角，所有难题都能迎刃而解。