Euthyphro (Ancient Greek: Euthuphron) is one of Plato's early dialogues, dated to after 399 BC. Taking place during the weeks leading up to Socrates' trial, the dialogue features Socrates and Euthyphro, a religious expert also mentioned at Cratylus 396a and 396d, attempting to define piety or holiness. Background The dialogue is set near the king-archon's court, where the two men encounter each other. They are both there for preliminary hearings before possible trials (2a).Euthyphro has come to lay manslaughter charges against his father, as his father had allowed one of his workers to die exposed to the elements without proper care and attention (3e–4d). This worker had killed a slave belonging to the family estate on the island of Naxos; while Euthyphro's father waited to hear from the expounders of religious law (exegetes cf. Laws 759d) about how to proceed, the worker died bound and gagged in a ditch. Socrates expresses his astonishment at the confidence of a man able to take his own father to court on such a serious charge, even when Athenian Law allows only relatives of the deceased to sue for murder. Euthyphro misses the astonishment, and merely confirms his overconfidence in his own judgment of religious/ethical matters. In an example of "Socratic irony," Socrates states that Euthyphro obviously has a clear understanding of what is pious and impious. Since Socrates himself is facing a charge of impiety, he expresses the hope to learn from Euthyphro, all the better to defend himself in his own trial. Euthyphro claims that what lies behind the charge brought against Socrates by Meletus and the other accusers is Socrates' claim that he is subjected to a daimon or divine sign which warns him of various courses of action (3b). Even more suspicious from the viewpoint of many Athenians, Socrates expresses skeptical views on the main stories about the Greek gods, which the two men briefly discuss before plunging into the main argument. Socrates expresses reservations about such accounts which show up the gods' cruelty and inconsistency. He mentions the castration of the early sky god, Uranus, by his son Cronus, saying he finds such stories very difficult to accept (6a–6c). Euthyphro, after claiming to be able to tell even more amazing such stories, spends little time or effort defending the conventional view of the gods. Instead, he is led straight to the real task at hand, as Socrates forces him to confront his ignorance, ever pressing him for a definition of 'piety'. Yet, with every definition Euthyphro proposes, Socrates very quickly finds a fatal flaw (6d ff.). At the end of the dialogue, Euthyphro is forced to admit that each definition has been a failure, but rather than correct it, he makes the excuse that it is time for him to go, and Socrates ends the dialogue with a classic example of Socratic irony: since Euthyphro has been unable to come up with a definition that will stand on its own two feet, Euthyphro has failed to teach Socrates anything at all about piety, and so he has received no aid for his own defense at his own trial (15c ff.).

Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. It is considered by critics to be Milton's "major work", and helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time. The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men" Short Summary:The poem is separated into twelve "books" or sections, the lengths of which vary greatly (the longest is Book IX, with 1,189 lines, and the shortest Book VII, with 640). The Arguments at the head of each book were added in subsequent imprints of the first edition. Originally published in ten books, a fully "Revised and Augmented" edition reorganized into twelve books was issued in 1674, and this is the edition generally used today. The poem follows the epic tradition of starting in medias res (Latin for in the midst of things), the background story being recounted later.Milton's story has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other following Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other rebel angels have been defeated and banished to Hell, or, as it is also called in the poem, Tartarus. In Pand?monium, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organise his followers; he is aided by Mammon and Beelzebub. Belial and Moloch are also present. At the end of the debate, Satan volunteers to poison the newly created Earth and God's new and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of the Abyss alone in a manner reminiscent of Odysseus or Aeneas. After an arduous traversal of the Chaos outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later the Garden of Eden. At several points in the poem, an Angelic War over Heaven is recounted from different perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare. The battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three days. At the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of angelic rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God creates the World, culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and Eve total freedom and power to rule over all creation, He gave them one explicit command: not to eat from the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil on penalty of death.

《太平经》十部一百七十卷，据《后汉书》等史料记载为东汉末期道士干吉等人所传，是我国道教早期的主要经典之一。此经假托神人（又称天师）与六方真人问答，演说原始道教教义和方术，卷帙浩繁，内容庞杂。大抵以奉天法道，顺应阴阳五行为宗旨，广述治世之道、伦理准则，以及长寿成仙、治病养生、通神占验之术。其说虽受汉代谶纬神学影响，宣扬灾异祥瑞，善恶报应观念，“多巫觋杂语”。但亦自成体系，以顺天地之法，治政修身，达于天下太平为主旨。有代表下层民众反对统治者恃强凌弱，主张自食其力，周穷救急的思想。故为张角等早期民间道教领袖所利用，组织发动农民起义。后世道教各派教义，亦受此书影响。堪称了解中国道教的名典。本次译注作者杨寄林教授积数十年研究《太平经》之功力精心注译全本，注释详尽征引丰富，译文清晰流畅而不乏生动有趣之处，题解中对各篇思想内容和篇目流传情况做了详细说明，是帮助广大读者阅读理解这部名著的*读本之一。

叔本华（Arthur Schopenhauer，1788—1860），德国哲学家，哲学史上个公开反对理性主义哲学的人，开创了非理性主义哲学的先河，创立了唯意志论哲学，他认为生命意志是主宰世界运作的力量。他毕生致力思考人类幸福的问题，深刻影响了尼采和萨特等20世纪哲学家，也为现代心理疗法提供了哲学依据。代表著作有《作为意志和表象的世界》《建议与箴言》等。

《道德经》问世已两千多年。本书是以逻辑关系重新展开全书81章的，在直译梳通文义后用现代诗揭示出各章的深刻含义，使老子的思想得以神形兼备地展示出来。使读者既可以从整体上认识老子的思想体系，又可以从各章传神达韵的诗译中倾听老子这位世界公认的圣人的心声，净化心灵、鼓舞壮志，获得修身养性、立身处世、安邦治国的知识、哲理与智慧。本书具有较高的学术价值与应用价值，同时兼具可读性。

苏格拉底之死，是古希腊哲学的分水岭，也是欧洲乃至世界历史上重要的文化事件之一。本书收选的三篇柏拉图对话：“申辩篇”“克里同篇”和“斐多篇”——分别记述了苏格拉底在审判时、狱后和服刑前的经历。这三篇完整地展现了甘为信仰和真理献身的苏格拉底对自我、对人生价值、对生命和灵魂的看法，让我们在领略他光辉独具的人格与思想魅力的同时，更好地了解到古希腊人是如何将哲学与生活结合在一起的。

尼采曾以“炸药”自喻，是“与被钉在十字架上的耶稣对抗的‘狄奥尼索斯’”，也是本世纪才大放光芒的哲学家和诗人。尼采以*人称的自问自答，在生平*一部自传和绝笔之作中，逐一评了自己的代表作，对“尼采”如何成为“尼采”,做出了权威的诠释。这是一部以思想为核心的自传，也是阅读尼采其他著作，理解他的哲学思想的指导之书，为尼采的其他著作提供了某些心理学和传记性的材料。

《道德情操论》是亚当·斯密的伦理学著作，首次出版于1759年，斯密去世前共出版过六次。主要阐明了道德情感的本质、道德评价的性质以及他的以“公民的幸福生活”为目标的伦理思想。亚当·斯密把人本性中的同情的情感作为阐释道德的基础，他用同情的原理来解释人类正义感和其它一切道德情感的根源，来说明道德评价的性质，并以此为基础表明各种基本美德的特征。

本书集中在一个问题上：廊下派与苏格拉底。要理解这个问题，就必须把它放到政治哲学的语境去考察，因为苏格拉底据说是政治哲学的创始人。廊下派间地来自苏格拉底，并且在德性问题等方面也受苏格拉底的观，这是否就意味着廊下派忠实地继承了苏格拉底的思想呢？该问题本身就是现代学术界争论不休的话题。不管廊下派如何对待苏格拉底，他们的结论对我们理解苏格拉底乃至整个西方思想来说，肯定都不只有滴的借鉴意义。  

法律惩罚的正当性依据是个相当繁奥的哲理问题，《法律与社会丛书：惩罚的哲理（第2版）》对此进行了系统研究。《法律与社会丛书：惩罚的哲理（第2版）》首先对报应主义、功利主义等传统惩罚理论进行了描述和批判，接着对法律惩罚的社会必要性进行了分析，在此基础上探索法律惩罚的心理基础，并对法律惩罚的主体、客体、根据和内容进行阐释。后，对法律惩罚的基本原则及其逻辑关系、法律宽恕的正当性及其局限等问题进行了深刻思考。该书的研究成果对刑事立法和司法实践有重大理论指导意义。《法律与社会丛书：惩罚的哲理（第2版）》适合大专院校、科研机构的师生以及法律实务部门的工作人员阅读，也适用于对哲学、社会学、法学有兴趣的一般读者。

【内容简介】《中信国学大典》是中信出版社引进自香港中华书局的一套深具国际视野、贴近当代社会的中华传统文化经典藏书。中信国学大典延聘国学泰斗饶宗颐为名誉主编，邀请海内外知名国学家担任经典的选编、导读及译注。中信国学大典既收录了《论语》、《老子》、《孙子兵法》、《孟子》、《庄子》等不可不读、不可不知的中华经典名著，也囊括了《礼记？孝经》《心经？金刚经》《六祖坛经》《净土三经》等耳熟能详的经典作品。 《孙子兵法》是中国古老、杰出的一部兵书，历来备受推崇，研习者辈出。全书共十三篇，约6100字，篇幅虽然短小，但内容博大精深，与言简意赅的《老子》十分类似，均为古老而又早熟的中华文明的代表典籍。本版本由王宏林进行导读及注译，注释力求简练，译文通俗贴切，部分段落附有“赏析与点评”，对经典进行适当引申，启发读者思考。书末附有《名句索引》，便于读者检索参考。

本书是“传世经典”中的一种。本书是一本彩图版《四书五经》，编者们精心挑选*代表性的原文，再配以当代人的解读。这样一来，读者们既可以通过它们了解中华民族的历史、现状，以及将来，也可以将古老的国学经典读出新意。读懂了它们，我们才算是读懂了中国历史。

瑜伽为我们提供了一条超然的道路，使我们能够跨越幻觉之洋，到达永恒的彼岸。这是瑜伽的真正目标。对于那些想要探索终极真理的人，想要寻求生命意义的人，想要认清世界的人，以及所有想要真正快乐的人，瑜伽是不二之选。

历史是人类文明的形式，人类历史的不断积淀，才使人类文明获得了增长。历史上发生的事件，出现的人物，变成史实，存储在人类的记忆中。

历史是人类文明的形式，人类历史的不断积淀，才使人类文明获得了增长。历史上发生的事件，出现的人物，变成史实，存储在人类的记忆中。

《小窗幽记》又名《醉古堂剑扫》，一共十二卷，属于格言警句类的小品文。《小窗幽记》分为醒、情、峭、灵、素、景、韵、奇、绮、豪、法、倩十二集，内容主要阐明涵养心性及处世之首，表现了隐逸文人淡泊名利、乐处山林的陶然超脱之情，文字清雅，格调超拔，论事析理，独中肯綮，为明代清言的代表作之一。

《纯粹哲学系列》之《幽灵之舞(德里达与现象学)》提出了德里达晚期思想的解读框架，并将之诠释为幽灵学作者发现了“幽灵”的三个特性并存谱系学上将其回溯至胡塞尔和海德格尔现象学的源头。 本书适合从事相关研究工作的人员参考阅读。

　　要支撑起一个强大的现代化国家，除了经济、制度、科技、教育等力量之外，还需要先进的、强有力的文化力量。凤凰文库的出版宗旨是：忠实记载当代国内外尤其是中国改革开放以来的学术、思想和理论成果，促进中西方文化的交流，为推动我国先进文化建设和中国特色社会主义建设，提供丰富的实践总结、珍贵的价值理念、有益的学术参考和创新的思想理论资源。 　　凤凰文库将致力于人类文化的高端和前沿，放眼世界，具有全球胸怀和国际视野。经济全球化的背后是不同文化的冲撞与交融，是不同思想的激荡与扬弃，是不同文明的竞争和共存。从历史进化的角度来看，交融、扬弃、共存是大趋势，一个民族、一个国家总是在坚持自我特质的同时，向其他民族、其他国家吸取异质文化的养分，从而与时俱进，发展壮大。文库将积极采撷当今世界优秀文化成果，成为中西文化交流的桥梁。

本书立足于经济哲学视域，详细考察了西方左派经济学界在当代资本主义批判理论方面的代表性观点。透过对斯威齐、巴兰、曼德尔、阿格里塔和利比兹等人的资本主义批判观的分析，本书致力于解读从经济哲学视域入手的资本主义批判理论的本质内涵，及其与从文化批判角度切入的当代资本主义批判理论之间的异同。

该书系“中华传统文化经典”系列丛书之一。其内容遴选道家经典《道德经》、《庄子》部分代表名句，分主题原文呈现，同时将名句进行解释、翻译以及生僻字注音，配以著名书法家邹德忠先生的书法作品，旨在以传统艺术形式承载民族优秀文化，服务中华民族伟大复兴。

本书从孔子言行录《论语》中选取了如何立身处事，如何处理人与人之间关系，个人与社会之间的关系等涉及人类社会生活等问题。