The Confessions is an autobiographical work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau which initiated modern autobiography. Covering the first fifty-three years of Rousseau's life the book provides an account of the experiences that shaped his personality and ideas.

Cartea este o culegere de eseuri pe teme de istorie literar?, istoria ideilor ?i probleme generale de estetica artelor, toate acestea fiind abordate dintr-un accentuat unghi filozofic ?i ?tiin?ific deopotriv?.

La acest ?nceput de secol XXI, ?n ?ntreaga lume se intensific? studierea problemelor fundamentale, eterne, ca via?a ?i moartea, rostul vie?ii, originile ?i destina?iile noastre ultime, c?t ?i ?ntrebarea cu privire la existen?a de dup? moarte. Cartea examineaz? filosofia de via?? a budismului Nichiren ?n lumina ideilor de ultim? or? despre via?? ?i moarte, de?i cuprinderea exhaustiv? ?ntr?un singur volum a unei probleme at?t de vaste este imposibil?. Budismul Nichiren ofer? oamenilor mijloacele de a??i transforma destinele prin ?nf?ptuirea propriei revolu?ii umane individuale ?i dezv?luie calea spre pace ?i fericire.

Antropologie ?i antroposofie ? Max Dessoir despre antroposofie ? Franz BrentanoAlc?tuind cuprinsul acestei lucr?ri, Rudolf Steiner reveleaz? ?c?teva din firele ?tiin?ifice care trebuie trasate pornind de la antropozofie la filozofie, la psihologie ?i la fiziologie“. Cunoa?terea omului va trebui atunci s? fie extins? ?in?nd cont de enigmaticele aspecte ale vie?ii sale interioare, privite din perspective multiple. ?n aceast? carte, Rudolf Steiner prezint? ?n scris aspectele semnificative ale configur?rii ?ntreite a fiin?ei omene?ti: corpul fizic, organismul sufletesc ?i configura?ia spiritual?.

Such is the system which underlies the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Some knowledge of it is necessary to the right understanding of the book, but for us the chief interest lies elsewhere. We do not come to Marcus Aurelius for a treatise on Stoicism. He is no head of a school to lay down a body of doctrine for students; he does not even contemplate that others should read what he writes. His philosophy is not an eager intellectual inquiry, but more what we should call religious feeling. The uncompromising stiffness of Zeno or Chrysippus is softened and transformed by passing through a nature reverent and tolerant, gentle and free from guile; the grim resignation which made life possible to the Stoic sage becomes in him almost a mood of aspiration. His book records the innermost thoughts of his heart, set down to ease it, with such moral maxims and reflections as may help him to bear the burden of duty and the countless annoyances of a busy life. It is instructive to compare the Meditations with another famous book, the Imitation of Christ. There is the same ideal of self-control in both. It should be a man's task, says the Imitation, 'to overcome himself, and every day to be stronger than himself.' 'In withstanding of the passions standeth very peace of heart.' 'Let us set the axe to the root, that we being purged of our passions may have a peaceable mind.' To this end there must be continual self-examination. 'If thou may not continually gather thyself together, namely sometimes do it, at least once a day, the morning or the evening. In the morning purpose, in the evening discuss the manner, what thou hast been this day, in word, work, and thought.' But while the Roman's temper is a modest self-reliance, the Christian aims at a more passive mood, humbleness and meekness, and reliance on the presence and personal friendship of God. The Roman scrutinises his faults with severity, but without the self-contempt which makes the Christian 'vile in his own sight.' The Christian, like the Roman, bids 'study to withdraw thine heart from the love of things visible'; but it is not the busy life of duty he has in mind so much as the contempt of all worldly things, and the 'cutting away of all lower delectations.' Both rate men's praise or blame at their real worthlessness; 'Let not thy peace,' says the Christian, 'be in the mouths of men.' But it is to God's censure the Christian appeals, the Roman to his own soul. The petty annoyances of injustice or unkindness are looked on by each with the same magnanimity. 'Why doth a little thing said or done against thee make thee sorry? It is no new thing; it is not the first, nor shall it be the last, if thou live long. At best suffer patiently, if thou canst not suffer joyously.' The Christian should sorrow more for other men's malice than for our own wrongs; but the Roman is inclined to wash his hands of the offender. 'Study to be patient in suffering and bearing other men's defaults and all manner infirmities,' says the Christian; but the Roman would never have thought to add, 'If all men were perfect, what had we then to suffer of other men for God?' The virtue of suffering in itself is an idea which does not meet us in the Meditations. Both alike realise that man is one of a great community. 'No man is sufficient to himself,' says the Christian; 'we must bear together, help together, comfort together.' But while he sees a chief importance in zeal, in exalted emotion that is, and avoidance of lukewarmness, the Roman thought mainly of the duty to be done as well as might be, and less of the feeling which should go with the doing of it. To the saint as to the emperor, the world is a poor thing at best. 'Verily it is a misery to live upon the earth,' says the Christian; few and evil are the days of man's life, which passeth away suddenly as a shadow. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?*** ? "MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS" was born on April 26, A.D. 121. His real name was M. Annius Verus, and he was sprung of a noble family which claimed descent from Numa, second King of Rome. Thus the most religious of emperors came of the blood of the most pious of early kings. His father, Annius Verus, had held high office in Rome, and his grandfather, of the same name, had been thrice Consul. Both his parents died young, but Marcus held them in loving remembrance. On his father's death Marcus was adopted by his grandfather, the consular Annius Verus, and there was deep love between these two. On the very first page of his book Marcus gratefully declares how of his grandfather he had learned to be gentle and meek, and to refrain from all anger and passion. The Emperor Hadrian divined the fine character of the lad, whom he used to call not Verus but Verissimus, more Truthful than his own name. He advanced Marcus to equestrian rank when six years of age, and at the age of eight made him a member of the ancient Salian priesthood. The boy's aunt, A

Kitab?n ba?l?ca vasf? olarak, Antik Yunan polisinden günümüze uzanan yolda, ?ocuk ve gen? yeti?tirmenin kamusal ve insan? ?nemini ortaya koyarken, fizik?, ahl?k? ve kültürel y?nleriyle bir bütün olarak e?itim felsefesi üzerine kaleme al?nm?? en temel eserlerden biri olmas? g?sterilebilir… ?Bu noktada, Rousseau’nun, “Tüm yazd?klar?m i?inde en iyi eserim” diye takdim etti?i?Emile’in 1762’de yay?nland???nda lanetlenip, 30 y?l sonra, Frans?z Devrimi’nin ?ncüleri i?in Frans?z milli e?itiminin ilham kayna?? addedildi?i dikkate al?nd???nda, Kant’?n e?itim üzerine sarf etti?i s?zlerin tarihsel ve toplumsal ba?lam? da ortaya ??kar. 18.yüzy?l?n ortalar?ndan 19.yüzy?l?n ba?lar?na dek ge?en bir ?mürlük sürede k?ta Avrupas? büyük bir do?umun sanc?lar?yla sars?lmaktad?r. ?ncesi ve sonras? diye tarihi ikiye ay?ran ?ifte Devrim (Sanayi ve Frans?z Devrimi) büyük bir zihinsel d?nü?üme yol a?mak üzeredir. Kant’? büyüten, ya da büyüklü?üne ayr?ca de?er katan bir unsur da, onun i?te bu ?a??n insan? olmas?d?r. ?Kant, 1806’daki Jena Sava??n? ve Napoleon i?galinin Alman milleti üzerinde yaratt??? ?ok ve deh?eti g?remeden vefat etse de, Wilhelm von Humboldt gibi e?itim reformcular? arac?l???yla Prusya (genel itibar?yla da Alman) e?itim sistemi i?in ne denli ?nemli bir yol a?t???n? tüm kitap boyunca seziyor gibidir. Bununla birlikte Kant’?nE?itim ?zerine’si, milli dilde ibadet edip, okumay? yazmay? te?vik eden Luhterci gelene?in Pietizmle kendini yenilemi? ve Büyük Frederich taraf?ndan te?vik edilmi? olan e?itim anlay???n?n olgunla?ma ?a??n?n da bir ürünüdür. Bu sebeple, kitab?n tamam?na h?kim olan motif, Ayd?nlanmac? bir “i?sel ?zgürle?im” ve “ruhan? terbiye” aras?nda kurulmas? gereken büyük dengedir. ? ? ?Bu arka plan? dikkate alarak, ?imdi kitaba biraz daha yak?ndan bakabiliriz… E?itim ?zerine, memleketin sayg?n ?evirmenlerinden biri olan Ahmet Aydo?an’?n sunu? ve ?ns?züyle ba?l?yor. ?stü kapal? fakat sitem dolu bir de?erlendirme yaz?s? olan “’Sapere Aude!’ Diye ??kt?k Yola”, Kant’a s?zü teslim etmeden evvel, 30 sayfada, Kant’?n dü?ünce dünyas?ndan ne denli uzakta kald???m?z?n ele?tirisini yap?yor. Bu arada, kitab?n ortaya ??k?? ?yküsüne de 22.sayfada a??klay?c? bir notla yer veriliyor. K?ningsberg ?niversitesi’nde muhtelif zamanlarda verilen dersler i?in haz?rlanan notlardan derlendi?i anla??lan?E?itim ?zerine, modern Türk?e’nin bir felsefe dili olamamas?n?n da etkisiyle, ?e?itli dipnotlar arac?l???yla kavramlar?n ve kelimelerin daha anla??l?r k?l?nd??? bir h?lde okura sunuluyor. ? “?nsan E?itilmesi Gereken Bir Varl?kt?r”: ? ?Kant, dü?üncelerini temellendirdi?i giri? sayfalar?nda insan?n e?itime muhta? ten varl?k oldu?u ger?e?inden hareket ediyor ve insan?n ancak e?itimle insan olabilece?ini dile getiriyor. (s.35) E?itime y?nelik bu yakla??m, Kant’?n idealizm felsefesinin ger?ekle?mesine giden yolu a?an anahtarlardan biri say?labilir.? ? ???NDEK?LER: ? KANT'IN YA?AMI…KANT'A G?RE AYDINLANMA NED?R?AHLAKIN METAF?Z???…KANT VE E??T?M ?ZER?NE….KANT VE TANRIKANT IN ELE?T?REL FELSEFES?KANT’IN ELE?T?REL FELSEFES?NE PLATON VE PARMEN?DES?N KATKILARI Kritisizm Nedir? KANT FELSEFES?N?N TEMEL KAVRAMLARIKANT’IN KURAMSAL METAF?Z?K ELE?T?R?S? HAKKINDAK? D???NCELER?..I. KANT'IN LE?BN?Z- WOLFF VE HUME'UN FELSEFELER?NE Y?NEL?K ELE?T?R?S?II. KANT'TA METAF?Z?K B?LG?N?N OLANA?I: METAF?Z?K OLANAKLI MIDIR?SONU?LARKANT’IN D?NYA YURTTA?LI?I AMACINA Y?NEL?K GENEL B?R TAR?H D???NCES?KANT’?I EBED? BARI?” D???NCES?S?YAS? HAKLARDA TEOR? VE PRAT?K ?L??K?S? ?ZER?NEK?RESELLE?EN SORUNLAR KAR?ISINDA KANT ET???UNUTULMAZ KANT S?ZLER?…..

A compreens?o de Contos d’Escárnio n?o poderia restringir-se à constru??o do horizonte no qual nasce, o século XX. A inten??o de escrever lixo e bestagem, anunciada pelo narrador, aos poucos, revela um grotesco vindo de um longínquo, de um aquém. Por isto, faz-se necessário também compreender o fluxo histórico-estético que encontra acolhida na imagina??o de Hilda Hilst, cujo amparo conceitual buscou-se à estética da recep??o e do efeito. Na Teoria Estética, o feio insurge como fen?meno da realidade artística contempor?nea; refúgio de sobrevivência da arte e dos belos escritos, deixa livre à plasticidade do presente a tarefa da denúncia da realidade. Em protesto, o dissonante reivindica cidadania e se mantém como possibilidade da arte. Neste sentido, tem lugar em Hilda Hilst a atualidade do grotesco.

世界青年佛学研讨会系列，索达吉堪布讲述藏传佛教中菩萨的概念，今天的时代，需要“菩萨”的角色。

　　生活无疑是美好的，但生活有时又是烦琐的、闹人的、无奈的，甚至是残酷的。这一切的烦琐之事、闹人之人、硬生生的生活充斥于我们的生活，常常让我们喘不过气来，让我们活得累、活得烦、活得苦。 　　世事洞察的聪慧，反而成了压榨生命的苦酒。本书就是告诉活在尘世中的我们，要学会模糊处世，冷眼看人生，减少不必要的纷争，减少无谓的痛苦，减少不必要的祸端……

《社会批判理论纪事》第14辑以阿格妮丝·赫勒研究为主要专题，内容主要分为以下三个方面：是对布达佩斯学派代表人物阿格妮丝·赫勒关于生命政治哲学论述的选译，以及我国学者对其思想的研究型论文。第二是我中心马克思论坛专栏，本期包括成伯清教授《新启蒙运动——当代社会理论的重新定位》与刘放桐教授《关于正确处理马克思主义哲学与现代西方哲学的关系的问题》两篇文章。第三是本刊投稿，包括马克思主义经典文献研究、欧洲左翼思想研究、日本马克思主义研究等内容。

2012，作者在北京三联书店刊行《共和与经纶》。通过释读熊十力写于1951年间致林伯渠、董必武、郭沫若，“并恳代陈毛公赐览”的长函《论六经》， 以及熊十力在1949年至1951年间刊印的其他文迹尤其《韩非子评论》（原题“正韩”），作者尝试探究熊十力经学思想与共和革命精神的关联，以及儒家心学与西方启蒙哲学的内在亲缘，而理解共和精神给二十世纪中国哲学文化的品质下的深刻烙印。 此次重新刊行《共和与经论》，作者增补了三篇。《现代儒家公羊学与历史哲学》写于1990年代末，与《儒家革命精神源流考》属于同一时期，收本书时重新写过。《诗言志的内传理解》写于2018年，通过对廖平《诗纬》的疏解，表明中国古代诗学之性情之学、哲学或者政治哲学、立法学的真实面貌。《成为<水浒传>的高明读者可能吗？》写于2016年，以对话体行人物分析，重新探讨了《水浒传》这部中国古典小说中隐而未彰的问题。

本书对古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的名著《尼各马可伦理学》行逐卷逐章的讲解，从古希腊文化重视自然和卓越、正义与友爱的幸福观念出发，阐述亚里士多德关于人性和生活的哲学思考，力图呈现出这部哲学杰作经久不衰的思想魅力，挖掘它留给后世的精神遗产以及对现代人的启发。本书既沿着《尼各马可伦理学》自身的思路，深浅出地讲解幸福、德性、智慧、快乐、友爱、沉思等一系列概念和主题，流畅清晰地勾勒出亚里士多德心目中的完美灵魂和至善人生，同时也贯穿着一条中西文明比较的线索，关注以亚里士多德为代表的古希腊伦理学和以儒家为代表的中国伦理学在人性、善恶、修养、家国等问题上的异同，提出作者基于多年研究与授课而形成的见解。

本书共十章内容，系统详尽地阐释了如何持守戒律、持守戒律的意义，以及各戒律间的一些差别和层次，对现代社会正确认识戒律有积极引导意义，也有助于读者对戒律有一个客观的认识和理解。 ????具体内容包括居士五戒、略说八关斋戒、受戒行善的殊胜日、菩萨戒浅释、饶益有情戒、每日受菩萨戒之仪轨、十四条根本戒、犯失密乘戒的界限与忏悔清净的方法等。

摩西•门德尔松是德国启蒙运动代表性的哲学家之一，被称为德国的苏格拉底。《晨时或论神之存在的演讲》是他生前出版的后一本著作。 1785年雅可比出版著作《论斯宾诺莎的学说——致门德尔松先生的书信》一书，他指出门德尔松好友莱辛向他透露自己信仰斯宾诺莎哲学。雅可比花了较大力气论证斯宾诺莎哲学实质是无神论、虚无主义，并一步指出其根源在于理性本身。由此可见，雅可比是借“爆料”批判启蒙哲学。 《晨时》这本著作是对雅可比的回应，也是对启蒙哲学的维护。它分为两个部分，部分主要讨论什么是真理，即我们如何获得客观知识，第二部分主要论证上帝存在。门德尔松同样批判斯宾诺莎哲学，指出其学说本质上是“一即一切”，“一切即一”，但一即一切取消了个别事物的实体性，而一切有限之物无法构成一个无限的一。此外，门德尔松又指出从斯宾诺莎的无限实体推不出思维与广延两个属性来。批判了斯宾诺莎哲学，门德尔松指出莱辛信仰泛神论不假，但信仰的是精炼的泛神论。这种泛神论认可一切事物存在于神中，但又不否认神的决断，不把广延归之于神，门德尔松认为这样就可以回避雅可比的指控。雅可比认为理性必然导致无神论与虚无主义，而门德尔松论证理性并不必然如此，由此门德尔松就为启蒙哲学辩护了。在后一章，门德尔松实际在回应康德对上帝存在证明的批判，他尝试为本体论证明辩护，现在也有学者在尝试复活上帝存在的本体论证明。《晨时》与雅可比《论斯宾诺莎的学说——致门德尔松先生的书信》是德国泛神论之争关键的两本著作。泛神论之争涉及理性，情感，信仰等问题，深刻影响了启蒙哲学、浪漫主义与德国观念论的走向。

《尼伯龙人》改编自中世纪德国重要的叙事文学之一《尼伯龙根之歌》，讲述了发生在勃艮第王族中的爱恨纠葛。勃艮第国王恭特，为求娶冰岛女王布伦希尔德，求助于尼德兰王子西格夫里特，答应将自己的妹妹克里姆希尔德公主许配给西格夫里特。然而，四个人两两成婚之后，出于误会和旁人挑拨，恭特国王害死了自己的妹婿西格夫里特，终引来公主的复仇。故事充满浓郁的悲怆色彩，体现作者对变革社会的反思，和对以悲悯、自省为核心的道德观的推崇。 《尼伯龙人》出版于1861年，1861年1月31日在魏玛首演，之后在德国各地剧院都有频繁的演出，是除理查德•瓦格纳的歌剧《尼伯龙族的指环》外有影响力的以尼伯龙人神话作为题材的戏剧作品。

本书从哲学角度出发，阐述了古今中外哲学史上的名家对当代哲学和古典哲学的分析研究，有对古典作品的研究，对思想史的研究，还有旧文新刊上的重要论题。真实作为历史的基础我们应该了解;篇幸布局与行文明晰作为手法应该通俗易懂。一个是肌体,另一个是肌体的健康。当我专注于哲学与城邦之间的张力,也就是专注于政治哲学的至高主题时,就进一步确定了这种想法。至高形式的、或海德格尔式的当代哲学与古典哲学的区别,是由当代哲学的历史特性塑造出来的,以所谓的历史意识为先决条件,因此必须了解这种意识多少有些隐私、的根源。

　　量拾中西方古典学问坠绪，不仅因为现代性问题迫使学问回味古典智慧，更因为古典学问关乎亘古不移的人世问题。古学经典需要解释，解释是涵养精神的活动，也是思想取向的抉择：宁可跟随柏拉图犯错，也不与那伙人一起正确(西塞罗语)。举凡疏证诠解中国古学经典，移译西学整理旧故的晚近成果，不外乎愿与中西方古典大智慧一起思想，以期寻回精神的涵养，不负教书育人的人类亘古基业。

重拾中西方古典学问坠绪，不仅因为现代性问题迫使学问回味古典智慧，更因为古典学问关乎亘古不移的人世问题。古学经典需要解释，解释是涵养精神的活动，也是思想取向的抉择：宁可跟随柏拉图犯错，也不与那伙人一起正确(西塞罗语)。举凡疏证诠解中国古学经典，移译西学整理旧故的晚近成果，不外乎愿与中西方古典大智慧一起思想，以期寻回精神的涵养，不负教书育人的人类亘古基业。

本书把哲学视为一种实践。作者主张如果能够践行哲学，或应用哲学的观，同时了解哲学文化与各种思潮的历史、熟习不同作者与学派辩论的主要议题，我们就能更有效地确认和理解我们到底在乎的是什么，与我们对话的人，他们在乎的又是什么，由此得知妨碍他们前的困境。 本书从哲学的文化、哲学的领域、哲学的态度、哲学的能力检视哲学的含义，并对态度和能力行了深的探讨。作者通过主张培养深化、概念化、问题化、辩证和直觉这五种哲学能力并在日常生活中加以学习和实践，来强化人们的思辨能力。这使本书具有优越的现实意义。而且，作者对如何行提问、如何以游戏的方式确立哲学练习的规则、如何展哲学讨论、如何行哲学咨询、如何通过矛盾的观行思考、哲学实践的障碍和解决方式等提出自己详尽的见解和观，这对哲学练习和哲学实践有非常强的指导意义。同时本书对于哲学刚刚门的初学者也相当友好，有利于他们纵览哲学全局，建立科学的哲学观。

在西方产生的为数不多的伟大史家中，修昔底德被认为是*政治性的史家、所有时代伟大的政治史家，他充分地理解并表达了政治生活的本质。……同时，修昔底德是一个温文尔雅的雅典人……如果政治史学背后有某种智慧，如果有某种智慧合理地说明了政治史学，那么在修昔底德的篇章字句中有可能发现这种智慧。其著作《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》体现了严谨的治学态度和缜密的史学方法，他把当时希腊哲学家那种追求真理的精神和逻辑方法应用到历史研究中，为后世的历史编纂学树立了典范。本书收的论著对修昔底德著作的历史学意义、其著作中的诸神以及他的文风行了深的阐释与论述。 修昔底德的著作主要致力描写一系列特殊事件（伯罗奔尼撒战争）。同时，它还要揭露政治生活永恒的或不变的品性。鉴于修昔底德称自己的著作是“千秋万世的瑰宝”：通过理解修昔底德对于其时代的政治生活的报道，所有未来的世代都可以理解他们自己时代的政治生活的真谛。

　《五灯会元》是中华文化史上一部伟大的禅宗经典巨著，也是中国古典文学的代表作，由《景德传灯录》《天圣广灯录》《建中靖国续灯录》《联灯会要》《嘉泰普灯录》等五部禅宗灯录改编而成。保留了“五灯”诸书的精华，修改润色了适于实修的公案典故，是中国禅宗史料*为齐全的古代文献。 本书在参考之前旧版本并纠正其错讹基础上，对《五灯会元》进行了重新点校、注释并解读。注释详尽，解决了阅读难题。“概要”为点睛之笔，对禅师的生平与思想进行整体解读，或简单概述，或补充史料，或研究重点难点，或分析禅宗典故与公案的含义，使我们对每一位禅师的行迹以及教化都有深刻的理解。“概要”后写上参考文献，使读者可以继续深入研究。