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DAVID HUME (1711 – 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist. Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour, saying: "REASON IS, and OUGHT ONLY to BE the SLAVE of the PASSIONS". A prominent figure in the sceptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience.. NOTHING is more usual and more natural for those, who pretend to discover anything new to the world in philosophy and the sciences, than to insinuate the praises of their own systems, by decrying all those, which have been advanced before them. And indeed were they content with lamenting that ignorance, which we still lie under in the most important questions, that can come before the tribunal of human reason, there are few, who have an acquaintance with the sciences, that would not readily agree with them. It is easy for one of judgment and learning, to perceive the weak foundation even of those systems, which have obtained the greatest credit, and have carried their pretensions highest to accurate and profound reasoning. Principles taken upon trust, consequences lamely deduced from them, want of coherence in the parts, and of evidence in the whole, these are every where to be met with in the systems of the most eminent philosophers, and seem to have drawn disgrace upon philosophy itself. Nor is there required such profound knowledge to discover the present imperfect condition of the sciences, but even the rabble without doors may, judge from the noise and clamour, which they hear, that all goes not well within. There is nothing which is not the subject of debate, and in which men of learning are not of contrary opinions. The most trivial question escapes not our controversy, and in the most momentous we are not able to give any certain decision. Disputes are multiplied, as if every thing was uncertain; and these disputes are managed with the greatest warmth, as if every thing was certain. Amidst all this bustle it is not reason, which carries the prize, but eloquence; and no man needs ever despair of gaining proselytes to the most extravagant hypothesis, who has art enough to represent it in any favourable colours. The victory is not gained by the men at arms, who manage the pike and the sword; but by the trumpeters, drummers, and musicians of the army. From hence in my opinion arises that common prejudice against metaphysical reasonings of all kinds, even amongst those, who profess themselves scholars, and have a just value for every other part of literature. By metaphysical reasonings, they do not understand those on any particular branch of science, but every kind of argument, which is any way abstruse, and requires some attention to be comprehended. We have so often lost our labour in such researches, that we commonly reject them without hesitation, and resolve, if we must for ever be a prey to errors and delusions, that they shall at least be natural and entertaining. And indeed nothing but the most determined scepticism, along with a great degree of indolence, can justify this aversion to metaphysics. For if truth be at all within the reach of human capacity, it is certain it must lie very deep and abstruse: and to hope we shall arrive at it without pains, while the greatest geniuses have failed with the utmost pains..

Ralph Waldo Emerson, was born at Boston in 1803 into a distinguished family of New England Unitarian ministers. His was the eighth generation to enter the ministry in a dynasty that reached back to the earliest days of Puritan America. Despite the death of his father when Emerson was only eleven, he was able to be educated at Boston Latin School and then Harvard, from which he graduated in 1821. After several years of reluctant school teaching, he returned to the Harvard Divinity School, entering the Unitarian ministry during a period of robust ecclesiastic debate. By 1829 Emerson was married and well on his way to a promising career in the church through his appointment to an important congregation in Boston. However, his career in the ministry did not last long. Following the death of his first wife, Ellen, his private religious doubts led him to announce his resignation to his congregation, claiming he was unable to preach a doctrine he no longer believed and that "to be a good minister it was necessary to leave the ministry."With the modest legacy left him from his first wife, Emerson was able to devote himself to study and travel. In Europe he met many of the important Romantic writers whose ideas on art, philosophy, and literature were transforming the writing of the Nineteenth Century. He also continued to explore his own ideas in a series of voluminous journals which he had kept from his earliest youth and from which virtually all of his literary creation would be generated. Taking up residence in Concord, Massachusetts, Emerson devoted himself to study, writing and a series of public lectures in the growing lyceum movement. From these lyceum addresses Emerson developed and then in 1836 published his most important work, Nature. Its publication also coincided with his organizing role in the Transcendental Club, a group of leading New England educators, clergy, and intellectuals interested in idealistic religion, philosophy, and literature.

      《佛学研究十八篇》集中收录了梁启超各类佛学文章，这些论文基本上是梁先生在受了新的研究方法后的学术成果，它又反映了从传统佛学向现代佛学研究转向的特。本书的特是，从史学的角度出发，对中国佛教的兴衰流变，以及相关的事项作了扼要的阐述。内容叙及：佛教的产生，原始佛教的基本教理，阿育王、迦腻色迦王的护法事迹，印度境内佛教宗派的分布情况，中印之间的交通，佛教东渐的路线，西域来华的译僧，西行求法的古德，佛教输中国的年代和地，汉明求法说、《四十二章经》、《牟子理惑论》、《大乘起信论》等传说和经典的辨伪，中国佛教的兴衰沿革，佛经翻译的演，佛教经录的地位，汉唐高僧的著述，玄奘的行历年谱，《四阿含》、《大毗婆沙》等经典的梗概，等等。其中，有不少见解与论述，至今仍不失精深之论，具有长久的参考价值。陈士强先生的《导读》对《佛学研究十八篇》作了详尽的分析研究。

      该书原是梁于1902年3-12月、1904年9-12月时在《新民丛报》上陆续发表的一些文章，后由北京大学中文系夏晓红教授从该报及《饮冰室文集》等出版物中整理而成（具体见“导读”）。但这些文章上下连缀成体系，可以组成小册子，并非简单的文集。       梁启超这个小册子的写作背景乃是在“改良派”遭受重大之后的“新民”理论；一步，梁又以“新学术”为“新民”（两处“新”均为动词）之利器，而撰写此书作为具体实践。具体而言，这个小册子采用了当时新式的章节体，并引探究原因、引文化地理学等思路及研究方法，来书写学术史；在思想上，则刻意突出了主张学术自由、赞美文化交融的两条主线。

　　在《迟到民族与激思想》中，作者以《德国思想的他者视角》篇，从著名学者卡尔·曼海姆、马丁·格莱芬哈根、库尔特·伦克的研究成果出发，考察了有关保守主义的不同定义，揭示了德国保守主义思想的发生语境，分析了德国保守主义的思想结构，发掘其背后隐藏的思想关联、社会关联，特别是政治关联，揭示出德国作为后发现代化国家的激思想；从宏观上勾画出德国保守主义的发展脉络。

　　《黑格尔黑格尔学述》收贺麟于1930年代编译的近代西方新黑格尔主义者的经典黑格尔研究——尔德的《黑格尔》与鲁一士的《黑格尔学述》，二书均能将黑格尔学说体会融化并以清晰流利的文字叙述出来，可谓姊妹关系，互相发明，互相弥补，而又各有所长。尔德注重叙述黑格尔的生活、性格、时代风气、文化背景，特别是政治和宗教背景，以及黑格尔的逻辑学说；鲁一士则着重阐述黑格尔之精神现象学。本书是将黑格尔及其学说译介至中国的人——贺麟对“黑格尔学”发生兴趣之始，贺麟以朱熹太极观会通黑格尔的“*理念”，对于中西比较哲学研究居功甚伟。作为贺麟重要译著收“全集”的《黑格尔》及《黑格尔学述》均为建国后首度整理出版，对于了解哲学家和翻译家贺麟意义非凡。

　　《黑格尔早期神学著作》（“贺麟全集”第八卷）是著名哲学家、翻译家贺麟的重要译著之一，以八十岁高龄自诺尔编黑格尔著《早期神学著作》的德文原版翻译而成，并参考诺克斯与克朗纳的英译本。本书也是身为译介黑格尔至中国人的贺麟先生，生前后一部黑格尔相关译著。其中收黑格尔著《民众宗教和基督教》《耶稣传》《基督教的权威性》《基督教的精神及其命运》及《1800年体系残篇》等五篇论文，是了解和研究黑格尔早期神学思想的手资料。

Bogged down by an endless onslaught of stumbling blocks and disasters that keep pushing you farther away from fulfilling your purpose and achieving your goals? ? This book could radically change all that. ? This simple, clear, and highly practical step-by-step guide will show you: ? How to manage all the problems and disasters that come your way while still making progress on all your goals—short-term and long-term—without sacrificing the important things in life. How to turn obstacles into an advantage that will propel you along the path to fulfilling your goals and achieving your purpose. How to shift your thinking so that all you see are opportunities that will open doors to great possibilities you may have never imagined before.

《东西文化及其哲学》一书初版于1921年，是梁漱溟先生对东西方文化本质的探讨，以及对东西方文化融合可能性的反思。在东西方交流日益频繁的今日，书中的许多思想与见解仍有借鉴意义。作者在《东西文化及其哲学》中提出并且回答了以下几个主要问题：何谓东方化？何谓西方化？中国文化、印度文化以及西方文化的特质为何？文化与生活有着何种关系？东西方文化能否融合，或者融合之道为何？世界未来之文化以及我们今日应持的态度为何？作者得出的基本结论是：对于西方文化及其带来的冲击，东方文化应该在保持自信的前提下，有选择性地学习有利于提升生活品质的东西，而非盲目否定自我、全盘西化。作者的观点在当时的东西文化论战中引起了思想学术界的高度重视。《东西文化及其哲学》一书被认为是现代新儒学的开山之作。

本书简要辑录了儒学四书原著中论述为人处世的基本道德和伦理的主要内容，并用白话直译。为了原汁原味地保留儒学原著的本意，也为了节约篇幅，本书不注释，不分析，不评，完全由读者自己阅读和领会原著的原意，并身体力行。本书简明扼要，便于携带，可置案头、床头，茶余饭后，随时随地可以检阅。

　　《从孔子到谢灵运：唐前士人精神史探索/陕西师范大学中国语言文学“世界**学科建设”成果》为作者关于唐前士人精神史探索的文章的合集，共分三部分：一、论先秦圣贤、诗哲的理思与痛苦；二、论汉兴百年儒士、赋家的经国品质；三、论晋宋名士的飘逸与痛苦。作者深掘孔子、屈原、贾谊、陶渊明、谢灵运等人的精神历程，探讨中国人世代相续的民族精神。

本书为中央民族大学教授、“孔子文化奖”获得者牟钟鉴先生根据四十多年来学习中华经典积累的经验，结合古代贤哲的论述及今日道德教育建设的现实和需要，详细阐述君子人格养成路径，系统提出“君子六有”说，有仁义，立人之基；有涵养，美人之性；有操守，挺人之脊；有容量，扩人之胸；有坦诚，存人之真；有担当，尽人之责。作者用较多篇幅细讲古今中外的君子在六个方面的人格特质，列举生动的案例，解说蕴藏的内涵，使君子人格培养在现实土壤上具有落地生长的可能性，用真人真事推动道德教化，从不同侧面提炼中华精神，重塑君子人格榜样，推动人文化成，培养时代真君子。

该著作在深研究的基础上，就列宁关于俄国革命的战略策略思想、巩固苏维埃政权的思想、建设共产国际以及推国际共产主义运动的思想、关于新经济政策的思想，阐述了新的学术观；深地研究、阐述和评价了斯大林的建设社会主义理论以及“社会主义民族”理论；研究和阐述了20世纪20—50年代初苏联理论界对马克思主义理论的研究以及取得的成果，如布哈林关于“过渡经济”的理论、普列奥布拉任斯基的“新经济学”、瓦尔加关于“资本主义经济危机”的理论以及沃兹涅辛斯基对确立社会主义政治经济学的贡献；研究和阐述了联共（布）和一些国家共产党在领导反法西斯战争中形成的思想理论，研究和阐述了联共（布）和其他一些执政的共产党在领导恢复国民经济的实践中实现的理论发展。

本书通过对创新实践范畴的剖析，从马克思立足于实践观实现了对传统哲学的革命这一事实出发，把实践一步划分为常规实践和创新实践，并指出了创新实践更能体现实践的“自由的自觉的活动”这一人的本质存在方式，正如马克思通过确立实践存在论构建了历史存在论的唯物史观一样，当今时代迫切需要在创新实践基础上一步确立创新实践存在论的唯物史观。在此基础上比较系统地阐述了创新实践与人的本质论、创新实践与历史动力论、创新实践与人民价值论、创新实践与发展本质论等基本问题，力求在创新实践的基础上推以实践生成论为基础的唯物史观的发展，期望助推学界更加深理解马克思实践唯物主义的深邃思想，充分彰显唯物史观的时代意义，深探索唯物史观的当今理论形态。

本书从全球化与东西方哲学对话角度探究比较哲学的理论形态、研究方法、问题意识与创新思路，启中西文化融合、中西马哲学会通与中国文化的世界化视域，并在宗教学与伦理学语境中比较中西哲学传统中的若干重要概念。由于立足比较哲学的学术前沿，从破解比较哲学理论难题的实际需要出发，本书呈现了当前比较哲学与比较文化研究中的重大问题，凸显了比较哲学的创新价值，力图为构建人类命运共同体与实现中国哲学的国际认同贡献绵薄之力。

无论对远行人的回忆还是对恋人的回忆，回忆的原始本质都次达于澄明。回忆其实就是使什么东西固定下来，亦即一门心思扑向一种牢固的东西。 但是“心灵”这个词还是藏有另一种劝慰， 等到哪一天我们不再按人类学的观来思考人，我们就会重新听到这种劝慰的呼唤。心灵乃是[心绪、性情]这种东西的源泉和场所，又是它的构造和声音，它把我们抛呈现为诸般形态的亲密性之中，诸如冷静和贫穷、温厚和高尚、优美和无私、宽容和忍让。

 今天他将为你启幸福《幸福之路》是罗素的一本经典名著，拥有广泛的读者。在这本书里，罗素不依任何高深的学说，而是把一些经由他自己的经验和观察证实过的通情达理的意见归纳起来，制做出一张良方，希望无数对生活感到困惑和郁闷的男男女女，能够在此找到医治他们病案的方子，能够在以后凭着适当的努力变得幸福。  《幸福之路》浅显易懂，读起来饶有趣味。正如罗素写此书的目的，“希望那些遭受不幸而并未享受幸福的众多男女能够诊断出自己的症状并找出摆脱的方法”。的大门，门外是条布满鲜花的幸福之路！

　　埃斯库罗斯，古希腊悲剧诗人，与索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯并称为古希腊伟大的悲剧作家，有“悲剧之父”的美誉。本辑重讨论了埃斯库罗斯的三连剧《奥瑞斯忒亚》和《被缚的普罗米修斯》。《奥瑞斯忒亚》既是诗的事件，又是政治的事件。它讲述了一个共同体如何逐渐把目光聚集，见证正义的完成。同时，本辑通过分析《被缚的普罗米修斯》三连剧，试图重够一个新的、更纯一的悲剧之父形象。 　　《奥瑞斯忒亚》既是诗的事件，又是政治的事件。它讲述了这样的故事：一个共同体如何逐渐把目光聚集，见证正义的完成。正因如此，这部戏剧既是对人类——遵守道德和守法的生物——深刻的思考之一；也是对弥补个人，家庭和共同体的必需之物——当他们遭到侵犯时——深刻的思考之一。此外，甚至可以说，这部戏剧不只是在思考争议和惩罚；也不只是在思考如何指引那些想通过制度安排上述问题的人。这部三连剧本身，是为了城邦民/观众而上演的，和法庭一样，他的贡献在于，让正义得到见证。

《尼采传》以时间为线围绕尼采和亲友们的大量往来信件以及亲友们对尼采的回忆行整理，对尼采自出生到去世的整个生命过程行了细致而又精准的描述。本书所依据的大多为*手资料，具有相当高的可信度，是一本较为权威的尼采传记，向我们展现出了一个听从内心召唤的真正思想者特立独行的一生。

《中国人的修养》是蔡元培先生在公民道德修养方面的杰出作品，主要收录了他为重要的道德思想建设代表作：《华工学校讲义》和《中学修身教科书》。《中国人的修养》这本书完美结合了中华传统文化中的修身齐家治国平天下与现代公民道德教育理念，通过细微事件，具体、详尽地阐述了建设道德社会的方法，是一部值得所有国人阅读的道德范本。 中国人或许是保守、固执，亦利己的族群，他们有着发自内心的真诚和善良，却从未试图将这种真诚和善良，变成社会的公共精神。 但蔡元培先生显然并不这么认为。 在他的眼中，中国人是“可改造的”，如果能摒弃过去的束缚，并注入崭新的思想，中国人就一定能从“独善其身”，转而“兼济天下”。 这部几近百年前的教科书，如今的国人也许刚刚翻开页。但翻开便好，便是试图革新，便是大勇气。 《中国人的修养》是蔡元培先生在公民道德修养方面的杰出作品，主要收录了他为重要的道德思想建设代表作：《华工学校讲义》和《中学修身教科书》。《中国人的修养》这本书完美结合了中华传统文化中的修身齐家治国平天下与现代公民道德教育理念，通过细微事件，具体、详尽地阐述了建设道德社会的方法，是一部值得所有国人阅读的道德范本。 中国人或许是保守、固执，亦利己的族群，他们有着发自内心的真诚和善良，却从未试图将这种真诚和善良，变成社会的公共精神。 但蔡元培先生显然并不这么认为。 在他的眼中，中国人是“可改造的”，如果能摒弃过去的束缚，并注入崭新的思想，中国人就一定能从“独善其身”，转而“兼济天下”。 这部几近百年前的教科书，如今的国人也许刚刚翻开页。但翻开便好，便是试图革新，便是大勇气。