In the aftermath of sixth-century barbarian invasions, the legal profession that had grown and flourished during the Roman Empire vanished. Nonetheless, professional lawyers suddenly reappeared in Western Europe seven hundred years later during the 1230s when church councils and public authorities began to impose a body of ethical obligations on those who practiced law. James Brundage's The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession traces the history of legal practice from its genesis in ancient Rome to its rebirth in the early Middle Ages and eventual resurgence in the courts of the medieval church.By the end of the eleventh century, Brundage argues, renewed interest in Roman law combined with the rise of canon law of the Western church to trigger a series of consolidations in the profession. New legal procedures emerged, and formal training for proctors and advocates became necessary in order to practice law in the reorganized church courts. Brundage demonstrates that many features?that characterize legal advocacy today were already in place by 1250, as lawyers trained in Roman and canon law became professionals in every sense of the term. A sweeping examination of the centuries-long power struggle between local courts and the Christian church, secular rule and religious edict, The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession will be a resource for the professional and the student alike.

In 1401, Christine de Pizan (1365-1430?), one of the most renowned and prolific woman writers of the Middle Ages, wrote a letter to the provost of Lille criticizing the highly popular and widely read Romance of the Rose for its blatant and unwarranted misogynistic depictions of women. The debate that ensued, over not only the merits of the treatise but also of the place of women in society, started Europe on the long path to gender parity. Pizan's criticism sparked a continent-wide discussion of issues that is still alive today in disputes about art and morality, especially the civic responsibility of a writer or artist for the works he or she produces.In Debate of the "e;Romance of the Rose,"e; David Hult collects, along with the debate documents themselves, letters, sermons, and excerpts from other works of Pizan, including one from City of Ladies-her major defense of women and their rights-that give context to this debate.?Here, Pizan's supporters and detractors are heard alongside her own formidable, protofeminist voice.The resulting volume affords a rare look at the way people read and thought about literature in the period immediately preceding the era of print.

During the first half of the twentieth century, representatives of the French colonial health services actively strove to expand the practice of Western medicine in the frontier colony of Cambodia. But as the French physicians ventured beyond their colonial enclaves, they found themselves negotiating with the plurality of Cambodian cultural practices relating to health and disease. These negotiations were marked by some success, a great deal of misunderstanding, and much failure.Bringing together colorful historical vignettes, social and anthropological theory, and quantitative analyses, Mixed Medicines examines these interactions between the Khmer, Cham, and Vietnamese of Cambodia and the French, documenting the differences in their understandings of medicine and revealing the unexpected transformations that occurred during this period-for both the French and the indigenous population.

Drawing on a broad foundation in the history of nineteenth-century French art, Richard Shiff offers an innovative interpretation of Cezanne's painting. He shows how Cezanne's style met the emerging criteria of a "e;technique of originality"e; and how it satisfied critics sympathetic to symbolism as well as to impressionism. Expanding his study of the interaction of Cezanne and his critics, Shiff considers the problem of modern art in general. He locates the core of modernism in a dialectic of making (technique) and finding (originality). Ultimately, Shiff provides not only clarifying accounts of impressionism and symbolism but of a modern classicism as well.

These recent achievements have their origins in things women (and some male supporters) said for the first time about six hundred years ago. Theirs is the “other voice,” in contradistinction to the “first voice,” the voice of the educated men who created Western culture. Coincident with a general reshaping of European culture in the period 1300- 1700 (called the Renaissance or early modern period), questions of female equality and op-portunity were raised that still resound and are still unresolved.

The ideas of Charles Darwin and his fellow Victorian scientists have had an abiding effect on the modern world. But at the time The Origin of Species was published in 1859, the British public looked not to practicing scientists but to a growing group of professional writers and journalists to interpret the larger meaning of scientific theories in terms they could understand and in ways they could appreciate. Victorian Popularizers of Science focuses on this important group of men and women who wrote about science for a general audience in the second half of the nineteenth century.Bernard Lightman examines more than thirty of the most prolific, influential, and interesting popularizers of the day, investigating the dramatic lecturing techniques, vivid illustrations, and accessible literary styles they used to communicate with their audience. By focusing on a forgotten coterie of science writers, their publishers, and their public, Lightman offers new insights into the role of women in scientific inquiry, the market for scientific knowledge, tensions between religion and science, and the complexities of scientific authority in nineteenth-century Britain.

There have been many Spinozas over the centuries: atheist, romantic pantheist, great thinker of the multitude, advocate of the liberated individual, and rigorous rationalist. The common thread connecting all of these clashing perspectives is Spinoza's naturalism, the idea that humanity is part of nature, not above it.?In this sophisticated new interpretation of Spinoza's iconoclastic philosophy, Hasana Sharp draws on his uncompromising naturalism to rethink human agency, ethics, and political practice. Sharp uses Spinoza to outline a practical wisdom of "e;renaturalization,"e; showing how ideas, actions, and institutions are never merely products of human intention or design, but outcomes of the complex relationships among natural forces beyond our control. This lack of a metaphysical or moral division between humanity and the rest of nature, Sharp contends, can provide the basis for an ethical and political practice free from the tendency to view ourselves as either gods or beasts.?Sharp's groundbreaking argument critically engages with important contemporary thinkers-including deep ecologists, feminists, and race and critical theorists-making Spinoza and the Politics of Renaturalization vital for a wide range of scholars.

Each episode of HBO's Game of Thrones draws millions of obsessed viewers who revel in the shocking plot twists, award-winning performances, and gorgeously rendered fantasy world. This official companion book reveals what it takes to translate George R. R. Martin's bestselling series into a wildly popular television series. With unprecedented scope and depth, it showcases hundreds of unpublished set photos, visual effects art, and production and costume designs, plus insights from key actors and crew members that capture the best scripted and unscripted moments from Seasons 3 and 4. Required reading for the die-hard fan, and the perfect way to catch up on the series before the much-anticipated Season 5 debuts, this special volume offers an exclusive window into cable's highest-rated show.2014 Home Box Office, Inc. All rights reserved. Game of Thrones and related trademarks are the property of Home Box Office, Inc.

Sink your teeth into the Vampire Diaries! This collection includes the first four can't-miss volumes from L. J. Smith.The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening: A deadly love triangle:Elena: beautiful and popular, the girl who can have any guy she wantsStefan: brooding and mysterious, desperately trying to resist his desire for Elena . . . for her own good.Damon: sexy, dangerous, and driven by an urge for revenge against Stefan, the brother who betrayed himElena finds herself drawn to both brothers . . . who will she choose?The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle: Torn between two vampire brothers:Damon: determined to make Elena his, he'd kill his own brother to possess herStefan: desperate for the power to destroy Damon, and protect Elena, he gives in to his thirst for human bloodElena: the girl who can have anyone finds herself in the middle of a love triangle . . . one that might turn deadlyThe Vampire Diaries: The Fury: Love can kill:Elena: with Damon at her side, and wild with her craving for blood, the changed Elena struggles to control her desiresDamon: his hunger for the golden girl wars with his hunger for revenge against StefanStefan: tormented after losing Elena, he will do anything to get her back. Even if it means becoming what he once despised. . . .Getting what they want may come at a deadly cost.The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion: The Final Conflict...The Last Deadly Kiss:Elena: now she rises from the dead to recreate the powerful vampire trioStefan: summoned by Elena, he keeps a promise to her and fights the most terrifying evil he's ever facedDamon: joining the brother he once called enemy, Damon battles this new horror with strength, cunning, and deadly charm.

Rachel Vincent’s spellbinding Soul Screamers series As a teen banshee, Kaylee’s blood-curdling screams are a death knell for others. Yet she never expected to see her own name at the top of a reaper’s list. The last thing Kaylee needs right now is to be skipping school, breaking her dad's ironclad curfew and putting her too-hot-to-be-real boyfriend's loyalty to the test. It’s time for Kaylee to kick some serious Netherworld butt…or die trying!

Three beautiful, timeless stories by beloved author E.B.White - available together in ebook for the first time! CHARLOTTE’S WEB ‘Some Pig’. ‘Humble’. ‘Radiant’. These are the words in Charlotte's Web, high up in Zuckerman's barn. Charlotte's spiderweb tells of her feelings for a little pig named Wilbur, who simply wants a friend. They also express the love of a girl named Fern, who saved Wilbur's life when he was born the runt of his litter. STUART LITTLE Stuart Little is no ordinary mouse. Born to a family of humans, he lives in New York City with his parents, his older brother George, and Snowbell the cat. Though he's shy and thoughtful, he's also a true lover of adventure. Stuart's greatest adventure comes when his best friend, a beautiful little bird named Margalo, disappears from her nest. Determined to track her down, Stuart ventures away from home for the very first time in his life. He finds adventure aplenty. But will he find his friend? THE TRUMPET OF THE SWAN Like the rest of his family, Louis is a trumpeter swan. But unlike his four brothers and sisters, Louis can't trumpet joyfully. In fact, he can't even make a sound. And since he can't trumpet his love, the beautiful swan Serena pays absolutely no attention to him. Louis tries everything he can think of to win Serena's affection;he even goes to school to learn to read and write. But nothing seems to work. Then his father steals him a real brass trumpet. Is a musical instrument the key to winning Louis his love?

The writings of William Gilmore Simms (1806-1870) provide a sweeping fictional portrait of the colonial and antebellum South in all of its regional diversity. Simms's account of the region is more comprehensive than that of any other author of his time; he treats the major intellectual and social issues of the South and depicts the bonds and tensions among all of its inhabitants. By the mid-1840s Simms's novels were so well known that Edgar Allan Poe could call him "e;the best novelist which this country has, on the whole, produced."e; The thirteenth volume in the ongoing Arkansas Edition of the works of Simms, The Partisan is the first in order of publication of Simms's Revolutionary War romances. Although Simms took advantage of the novelist's prerogative to invent characters and events for his saga, he did so with a historian's eye, making extensive use of official histories; letters, diaries, and other documents; family traditions; and unpublished and published memoirs. Simms gives human interest to the novel's historical framework with two love triangles, mixing romantic conventions with gritty realism that outlines the four classes of Simms's ideal society. The Partisan is also remarkable among Simms's work for its use of symbols, indicating, perhaps, a new intention for the novel. The result is a satisfying work of literary art enlivened with adventure and humor while remaining true to the history behind it.

In John Varvatos, the legendary designer reveals his perspective on how rock & roll music and style have influenced his own designs and fashion worldwide. Varvatos’s personally curated collection of more than 250 images are some of the most provocative ever shot by top rock photographers from the late 1960s to today, from the Rolling Stones to the Kings of Leon. The featured photographers are among the world’s finest, including Mick Rock, Bob Gruen, Elliott Landy, Danny Clinch, Lynn Goldsmith, and more. Also included are select images from Varvatos’s own advertising campaigns, featuring artists such as Slash, Iggy Pop, Scott Weiland, and Miles Kane. Varvatos’s captions and incisive commentary on the artist and his or her look accompany each image. Every chapter also contains numerous quotes from the musicians themselves, including Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Iggy Pop, Jack White, Pete Townshend, Robert Plant, Steven Tyler, and Patti Smith. An extraordinary anthology of some of the finest images in rock & roll and the most influential rock looks in fashion and popular culture, this volume will delight music lovers, and fans of music photography, fashion, and fashion history.

From #1 New York Times bestselling author Daniel Silva come books 11-13 in his beloved Gabriel Allon series: Portrait of a Spy, The Fallen Angel, and The English Girl.

Master Functional Programming techniques with this comprehensive guide for writing cleaner, safer, high-performing JavaScript codes About This Book Become proficient and skilled with Functional Programming in JavaScript to solve real-world development problems Successfully apply Functional Programming concepts and techniques to everyday JavaScript programming Bring modularity, reusability, testability, and performance to your web apps Who This Book Is For If you are a JavaScript developer and want to apply functional programming techniques, then this book is for you. Only a basic knowledge of the concepts of functional programming is required for this book. What You Will Learn Create more reliable code with closures and immutable data Convert existing methods into pure functions, and loops into recursive methods Develop more powerful applications with currying and function composition Separate the logic of your system from implementation details Implement composition and chaining techniques to simplify coding Use functional programming techniques where it makes the most sense In Detail Functional programming is a programming paradigm for developing software using functions. Learning to use functional programming is a good way to write more concise code, with greater concurrency and performance. The JavaScript language is particularly suited to functional programming. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the major topics in functional programming with JavaScript to produce shorter, clearer, and testable programs. You'll delve into functional programming; including writing and testing pure functions, reducing side-effects, and other features to make your applications functional in nature. Specifically, we'll explore techniques to simplify coding, apply recursion for loopless coding, learn ways to achieve immutability, implement design patterns, and work with data types. By the end of this book, you'll have developed the JavaScript skills you need to program functional applications with confidence. Style and approach This book takes an easy-to-follow, step-by-step tutorial approach. You will make the most of JavaScript programming with a focus on the progression of functional programming techniques, styles, and detailed information about JavaScript libraries.

Over 100 effective recipes to help you design, implement, and troubleshoot manage the software-defined and massively scalable Ceph storage system. About This Book Implement a Ceph cluster successfully and learn to manage it. Recipe based approach in learning the most efficient software defined storage system Implement best practices on improving efficiency and security of your storage cluster Learn to troubleshoot common issues experienced in a Ceph cluster Who This Book Is For This book is targeted at storage and cloud engineers, system administrators, or anyone who is interested in building software defined storage, to power your cloud or virtual infrastructure. If you have basic knowledge of GNU/Linux and storage systems, with no experience of software defined storage solutions and Ceph, but eager to learn then this book is for you What You Will Learn Understand, install, configure, and manage the Ceph storage system Get to grips with performance tuning and benchmarking, and learn practical tips to help run Ceph in production Integrate Ceph with OpenStack Cinder, Glance, and Nova components Deep dive into Ceph object storage, including S3, Swift, and Keystone integration Configure a disaster recovery solution with a Ceph Multi-Site V2 gateway setup and RADOS Block Device mirroring Gain hands-on experience with Ceph Metrics and VSM for cluster monitoring Familiarize yourself with Ceph operations such as maintenance, monitoring, and troubleshooting Understand advanced topics including erasure-coding, CRUSH map, cache pool, and general Ceph cluster maintenance In Detail Ceph is a unified distributed storage system designed for reliability and scalability. This technology has been transforming the software-defined storage industry and is evolving rapidly as a leader with its wide range of support for popular cloud platforms such as OpenStack, and CloudStack, and also for virtualized platforms. Ceph is backed by Red Hat and has been developed by community of developers which has gained immense traction in recent years. This book will guide you right from the basics of Ceph , such as creating blocks, object storage, and filesystem access, to advanced concepts such as cloud integration solutions. The book will also cover practical and easy to implement recipes on CephFS, RGW, and RBD with respect to the major stable release of Ceph Jewel. Towards the end of the book, recipes based on troubleshooting and best practices will help you get to grips with managing Ceph storage in a production environment. By the end of this book, you will have practical, hands-on experience of using Ceph efficiently for your storage requirements. Style and approach This step-by-step guide is filled with practical tutorials, making complex scenarios easy to understand.

Unlock the power of the MEAN stack by creating attractive and real-world projectsAbout This Book·Build six optimum end-to-end web applications using the M.E.A.N stack·Follow the advanced Angular.js 2 application structure to build more scalable and maintainable apps·Integrate an authorization system into your application and reuse existing code from projectsWho This Book Is ForIf you are a web developer with a basic understanding of the MEAN stack, experience in developing applications with JavaScript, and basic experience with NoSQL databases, then this book is for you.What You Will Learn·Build modern, end-to-end web applications by employing the full stack web development solution of MEAN·Learn NoSQL databases and separate the client logic from the server code·Build a complex application from start to finish and work with monetary data in MongoDB·Handle a multi-user type system and authorize your users to access control list·Implement a chat application from scratch using Socket.IO·Create distributed applications and use the power of server-side rendering in your applications·Extend a project with a real-time bidding system using WebSocketsIn DetailThe MEAN stack is a combination of the most popular web development frameworks available—MongoDB, Angular, Express, and Node.js used together to offer a powerful and comprehensive full stack web development solution. It is the modern day web dev alternative to the old LAMP stack. It works by allowing AngularJS to handle the front end, and selecting Mongo, Express, and Node to handle the back-end development, which makes increasing sense to forward-thinking web developers. The MEAN stack is great if you want to prototype complex web applications.This book will enable you to build a better foundation for your AngularJS apps. Each chapter covers a complete, single, advanced end-to-end project. You'll learn how to build complex real-life applications with the MEAN stack and few more advanced projects. You will become familiar with WebSockets and build real-time web applications, as well as create auto-destructing entities. Later, we will combine server-side rendering techniques with a single page application approach. You'll build a fun project and see how to work with monetary data in Mongo. You will also find out how to a build real-time e-commerce application.By the end of this book, you will be a lot more confident in developing real-time, complex web applications using the MEAN stack.Style and approachThis book is filled with independent hands-on projects that teach you how to build real-life end-to-end complex web applications using the MEAN stack.

Start building fast and robust applications with the power of Rust by your sideAbout This Book·Get started with the language to build scalable and high performance applications·This book will help C#/C++ developers gain better performance and memory management·Discover the power of Rust when developing concurrent applications for large and scalable softwareWho This Book Is ForThe book is for absolute beginners to Rust, who want to build high performance, concurrent applications for their projects. It is suitable for developers who have a basic knowledge of programming and developers who are using the C#/C++ language to write their applications. No knowledge of Rust is expected.What You Will Learn·Set up Rust for Windows, Linux, and OS X·Write effective code using Rust·Expand your Rust applications using libraries·Interface existing non-Rust libraries with your Rust applications·Use the standard library within your applications·Understand memory management within Rust and speed efficiency when passing variables·Create more complex data types·Study concurrency in Rust with multi-threaded applications and sync threading techniques to improve the performance of an application problemIn DetailRust is a highly concurrent and high performance language that focuses on safety and speed, memory management, and writing clean code. It also guarantees thread safety, and its aim is to improve the performance of existing applications. Its potential is shown by the fact that it has been backed by Mozilla to solve the critical problem of concurrency.Learning Rust will teach you to build concurrent, fast, and robust applications. From learning the basic syntax to writing complex functions, this book will is your one stop guide to get up to speed with the fundamentals of Rust programming. We will cover the essentials of the language, including variables, procedures, output, compiling, installing, and memory handling.You will learn how to write object-oriented code, work with generics, conduct pattern matching, and build macros. You will get to know how to communicate with users and other services, as well as getting to grips with generics, scoping, and more advanced conditions. You will also discover how to extend the compilation unit in Rust.By the end of this book, you will be able to create a complex application in Rust to move forward with.Style and approachThis comprehensive book will focus on the Rust syntax, functions, data types, and conducting pattern matching for programmers. It is divided into three parts and each part of the book has an objective to enable the readers to create their own applications at an appropriate level, ultimately towards creating complex applications.

Learn to build powerful and scalable applications with Flux, the architecture that serves billions of Facebook users every dayAbout This Book·This the first resource dedicated to the new architectural pattern that powers Facebook·You'll learn all the tips and tricks you need to get the most out of Flux·Filled with practical, hands-on samples, you'll not only understand how Flux works, but will be able to start building Flux-powered applications straight away·Written by Adam Boduch, software architect at Virtustream (EMC), and author of JavaScript at Scale, JavaScript Concurrency, and jQuery UI Cookbook for Packt PublishingWho This Book Is ForAre you trying to use React, but are struggling to get your head around Flux? Maybe you're tired of MV* spaghetti code at scale? Do you find yourself asking what the Flux?!Flux Architecture will guide you through everything you need to understand the Flux pattern, and design and build powerful web applications that rely on the Flux architecture.You don't need to know what Flux is or how it works to read along with the book. No knowledge of Flux's partner technology, ReactJS, is necessary to follow along, but it is recommended that you have a good working knowledge of JavaScript.What You Will Learn·Understand the Flux pattern and how it will impact your React applications·Build real-world applications that rely on Flux·Handle asynchronous actions in your application·Implement immutable stores with Immutable.js·Replace React.js with alternate View components such as jQuery and Handlebars·Test and benchmark your Flux architecture using Jest—Facebook's enhancement of the Jasmine libraryIn DetailWhilst React has become Facebook's poster-child for clean, complex, and modern web development, it has quietly been underpinned by its simplicity. It's just a view. The real beauty in React is actually the architectural pattern that handles data in and out of React applications: Flux. With Flux, you're able to build data-rich applications that engage your users, and scale to meet every demand. It is a key part of the Facebook technology stack that serves billions of users every day.This book will start by introducing the Flux pattern and help you get an understanding of what it is and how it works. After this, we'll build real-world React applications that highlight the power and simplicity of Flux in action. Finally, we look at the landscape of Flux and explore the Alt and Redux libraries that make React and Flux developments easier.Filled with fully-worked examples and code-first explanations, by the end of the book, you'll not only have a rock solid understanding of the architecture, but will be ready to implement Flux architecture in anger.Style and approachThis book is filled with practical, hands-on examples. You'll not only understand how Flux works, but will be able to start building Flux-powered applications straight away.

Leverage the functional programming and concurrency features of Rust and speed up your application development About This Book Get started with Rust to build scalable and high performance applications Enhance your application development skills using the power of Rust Discover the power of Rust when developing concurrent applications for large and scalable software Who This Book Is For The book is for developers looking for a quick entry into using Rust and understanding the core features of the language. Basic programming knowledge is assumed. What You Will Learn Set up your Rust environment to achieve the highest productivity Bridge the performance gap between safe and unsafe languages Use pattern matching to create flexible code Apply generics and traits to develop widely applicable code Organize your code in modules and crates Build macros to extend Rust's capabilities and reach Apply tasks to tackle problems concurrently in a distributed environment In Detail Rust is the new, open source, fast, and safe systems programming language for the 21st century, developed at Mozilla Research, and with a steadily growing community. It was created to solve the dilemma between high-level, slow code with minimal control over the system, and low-level, fast code with maximum system control. It is no longer necessary to learn C/C++ to develop resource intensive and low-level systems applications. This book will give you a head start to solve systems programming and application tasks with Rust. We start off with an argumentation of Rust's unique place in today's landscape of programming languages. You'll install Rust and learn how to work with its package manager Cargo. The various concepts are introduced step by step: variables, types, functions, and control structures to lay the groundwork. Then we explore more structured data such as strings, arrays, and enums, and you'll see how pattern matching works. Throughout all this, we stress the unique ways of reasoning that the Rust compiler uses to produce safe code. Next we look at Rust's specific way of error handling, and the overall importance of traits in Rust code. The pillar of memory safety is treated in depth as we explore the various pointer kinds. Next, you'll see how macros can simplify code generation, and how to compose bigger projects with modules and crates. Finally, you'll discover how we can write safe concurrent code in Rust and interface with C programs, get a view of the Rust ecosystem, and explore the use of the standard library. Style and approach The book takes a pragmatic approach, showing various methods to solve systems programming tasks with Rust and develop resource intensive and low-level systems applications.

Over 90 recipes to get you creating modern, fast, and high-quality games with C++About This Book·Level up your game programming skills with insightful recipes on building games in C++·Analyze the less commonly discussed problems with C++ applications to develop the best games·Improve the performance of your games with the new multi-threading and networking features of C++11Who This Book Is ForThis book is ideal for aspiring game developers who are proficient in C++ programming and are interested in developing games with C++. Some basic knowledge of game programming will be useful but is not necessary.What You Will Learn·Explore the basics of game development to build great and effective features for your game·Develop your first text-based game using the various concepts of object-oriented programming·Use algorithms when developing games with various sorting and searching techniques·Exploit data structures in a game's development for data storage·Create your first 2D game using GDI library and sprite sheet.·Build your first advanced 2D game of space invaders using patterns such as observer, fly-weight, abstract factory, command, state, and moreIn DetailC++ is one of the preferred languages for game development as it supports a variety of coding styles that provides low-level access to the system. C++ is still used as a preferred game programming language by many as it gives game programmers control of the entire architecture, including memory patterns and usage. However, there is little information available on how to harness the advanced features of C++ to build robust games.This book will teach you techniques to develop logic and game code using C++. The primary goal of this book is to teach you to create high-quality games using C++ game programming scripts and techniques, regardless of the library or game engine you use. It will show you how to make use of the object-oriented capabilities of C++ so you can write well-structured and powerful games of any genre. The book also explores important areas such as physics programming and audio programming, and gives you other useful tips and tricks to improve your code.By the end of this book, you will be competent in game programming using C++, and will be able to develop your own games in C++.Style and approachEvery recipe of this guide covers a task that will help you build different aspects of a game, such as taking player input and displaying the output, using control flow to implement decision making, and so on. Each recipe begins with gentle introduction and key concepts, has illustrated examples of use, and ends with a detailed but informative description of the inner workings.