Such is the system which underlies the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Some knowledge of it is necessary to the right understanding of the book, but for us the chief interest lies elsewhere. We do not come to Marcus Aurelius for a treatise on Stoicism. He is no head of a school to lay down a body of doctrine for students; he does not even contemplate that others should read what he writes. His philosophy is not an eager intellectual inquiry, but more what we should call religious feeling. The uncompromising stiffness of Zeno or Chrysippus is softened and transformed by passing through a nature reverent and tolerant, gentle and free from guile; the grim resignation which made life possible to the Stoic sage becomes in him almost a mood of aspiration. His book records the innermost thoughts of his heart, set down to ease it, with such moral maxims and reflections as may help him to bear the burden of duty and the countless annoyances of a busy life. It is instructive to compare the Meditations with another famous book, the Imitation of Christ. There is the same ideal of self-control in both. It should be a man's task, says the Imitation, 'to overcome himself, and every day to be stronger than himself.' 'In withstanding of the passions standeth very peace of heart.' 'Let us set the axe to the root, that we being purged of our passions may have a peaceable mind.' To this end there must be continual self-examination. 'If thou may not continually gather thyself together, namely sometimes do it, at least once a day, the morning or the evening. In the morning purpose, in the evening discuss the manner, what thou hast been this day, in word, work, and thought.' But while the Roman's temper is a modest self-reliance, the Christian aims at a more passive mood, humbleness and meekness, and reliance on the presence and personal friendship of God. The Roman scrutinises his faults with severity, but without the self-contempt which makes the Christian 'vile in his own sight.' The Christian, like the Roman, bids 'study to withdraw thine heart from the love of things visible'; but it is not the busy life of duty he has in mind so much as the contempt of all worldly things, and the 'cutting away of all lower delectations.' Both rate men's praise or blame at their real worthlessness; 'Let not thy peace,' says the Christian, 'be in the mouths of men.' But it is to God's censure the Christian appeals, the Roman to his own soul. The petty annoyances of injustice or unkindness are looked on by each with the same magnanimity. 'Why doth a little thing said or done against thee make thee sorry? It is no new thing; it is not the first, nor shall it be the last, if thou live long. At best suffer patiently, if thou canst not suffer joyously.' The Christian should sorrow more for other men's malice than for our own wrongs; but the Roman is inclined to wash his hands of the offender. 'Study to be patient in suffering and bearing other men's defaults and all manner infirmities,' says the Christian; but the Roman would never have thought to add, 'If all men were perfect, what had we then to suffer of other men for God?' The virtue of suffering in itself is an idea which does not meet us in the Meditations. Both alike realise that man is one of a great community. 'No man is sufficient to himself,' says the Christian; 'we must bear together, help together, comfort together.' But while he sees a chief importance in zeal, in exalted emotion that is, and avoidance of lukewarmness, the Roman thought mainly of the duty to be done as well as might be, and less of the feeling which should go with the doing of it. To the saint as to the emperor, the world is a poor thing at best. 'Verily it is a misery to live upon the earth,' says the Christian; few and evil are the days of man's life, which passeth away suddenly as a shadow. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?*** ? "MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS" was born on April 26, A.D. 121. His real name was M. Annius Verus, and he was sprung of a noble family which claimed descent from Numa, second King of Rome. Thus the most religious of emperors came of the blood of the most pious of early kings. His father, Annius Verus, had held high office in Rome, and his grandfather, of the same name, had been thrice Consul. Both his parents died young, but Marcus held them in loving remembrance. On his father's death Marcus was adopted by his grandfather, the consular Annius Verus, and there was deep love between these two. On the very first page of his book Marcus gratefully declares how of his grandfather he had learned to be gentle and meek, and to refrain from all anger and passion. The Emperor Hadrian divined the fine character of the lad, whom he used to call not Verus but Verissimus, more Truthful than his own name. He advanced Marcus to equestrian rank when six years of age, and at the age of eight made him a member of the ancient Salian priesthood. The boy's aunt, A

Publicat? ini?ial, ?n trei articole, ?n 1861, o lucrare fundamental?, cu o influen?? de necontestat ?n domeniul ?tiin?elor sociale, Utilitarismul lui J.S.Mill cuprinde o serie de discu?ii despre principiile care stau la baza doctrinei filosofice a utilitarismului. Structura lucr?rii, cu cinci capitole clare ?i concise (Considera?ii generale, Ce este utilitarismul, Despre sanc?iunea fundamental? a principiului utilit??ii, De ce fel de demonstra?ie este susceptibil principiul utilit??ii, Despre leg?tura dintre dreptate ?i utilitate), este elegant? ?i faciliteaz? ?n?elegerea ideilor aprofundate de g?nditorul englez. ?ntr-un sens, Utilitarismul reprezint? o rafinare a ideilor lui Jeremy Bentham despre ceea ce ar trebui s? constituie m?sura binelui ?i a r?ului: exigen?a de a ob?ine cea mai mare fericire pentru un num?r c?t mai mare de oameni. ?ntr-un alt sens, mai larg ?i mai important, cartea de fa?? formuleaz? ?i analizeaz? ?n profunzime toate implica?iile, pentru moral?, ale principiului utilit??ii. John Stuart Mill aduce etica ?n vecin?tatea economiei (maximizarea fericirii, ierarhizarea pl?cerilor ?n func?ie de profit, decizia bazat? pe calcularea utilit??ii alternativelor etc.) ?i ?ncearc? s? rezolve toate dificult??ile rezultate din acest mod de a trata problema drept??ii. Mill ofer? r?spunsuri la c?teva ?ntreb?ri esen?iale precum: ,,?n ce const? fericirea?“, ,,Ce urm?rim, de fapt, atunci c?nd alegem o anumit? conduit??“, ,,Ce pl?ceri sunt preferabile?“, ,,Cum trebuie s? arate legile (?i sanc?iunile inerente) dac? morala se ?ntemeieaz? pe utilitate?“, ,,De ce este preferabil principiul utilit??ii, at?t din perspectiva binelui personal, c?t ?i din aceea a binelui public?“

A partir de uma sugest?o de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari – a de que todos os filósofos ocidentais terminaram construindo, no interregno do seu pensamento, personagens conceituais, uma espécie de assinatura do filósofo – este livro objetiva identificar esse tra?o a partir da obra de Michel Foucault. A tese em quest?o é que este autor n?o se enquadra em uma imagem única, como a do Juiz em Kant, ou a do sedutor em Kierkegaard, mas em uma imagem híbrida e triádica, fazendo coro com muitos filósofos chamados de transversais e que se instalaram no horizonte de filosofias chamadas de pós-estruturalistas, como Deleuze.

Em Vida sem Princípio , Henry David Thoreau nos apresenta um verdadeiro manual de como viver em sociedade e em contato com a Natureza respeitando a natureza e ao próximo.? puro Transcendentalismo , um apelo para que cada um siga a sua própria luz interior.Este ensaio foi obtido a partir da palestra''What Shall It Profit? ''apresentada ao publico em 06 de dezembro de 1854, no Sal?o Railroad em Providence Rhode Island.Foi publicado pela primeira vez na edi??o de outubro de 1863 The Atlantic Monthly, onde foi dado o título moderno.Vida sem Princípio é um ensaio em que Thoreau coloca o seu programa para viver bem. Incluem-se aqui as suas ideias sobre a forma de abordagem da comunica??o interpessoal, modos de trabalho, sustento financeiro e outros códigos de conduta baseados na filosofia de de vida de Thoreau.'

La acest ?nceput de secol XXI, ?n ?ntreaga lume se intensific? studierea problemelor fundamentale, eterne, ca via?a ?i moartea, rostul vie?ii, originile ?i destina?iile noastre ultime, c?t ?i ?ntrebarea cu privire la existen?a de dup? moarte. Cartea examineaz? filosofia de via?? a budismului Nichiren ?n lumina ideilor de ultim? or? despre via?? ?i moarte, de?i cuprinderea exhaustiv? ?ntr?un singur volum a unei probleme at?t de vaste este imposibil?. Budismul Nichiren ofer? oamenilor mijloacele de a??i transforma destinele prin ?nf?ptuirea propriei revolu?ii umane individuale ?i dezv?luie calea spre pace ?i fericire.

Kitab?n ba?l?ca vasf? olarak, Antik Yunan polisinden günümüze uzanan yolda, ?ocuk ve gen? yeti?tirmenin kamusal ve insan? ?nemini ortaya koyarken, fizik?, ahl?k? ve kültürel y?nleriyle bir bütün olarak e?itim felsefesi üzerine kaleme al?nm?? en temel eserlerden biri olmas? g?sterilebilir… ?Bu noktada, Rousseau’nun, “Tüm yazd?klar?m i?inde en iyi eserim” diye takdim etti?i?Emile’in 1762’de yay?nland???nda lanetlenip, 30 y?l sonra, Frans?z Devrimi’nin ?ncüleri i?in Frans?z milli e?itiminin ilham kayna?? addedildi?i dikkate al?nd???nda, Kant’?n e?itim üzerine sarf etti?i s?zlerin tarihsel ve toplumsal ba?lam? da ortaya ??kar. 18.yüzy?l?n ortalar?ndan 19.yüzy?l?n ba?lar?na dek ge?en bir ?mürlük sürede k?ta Avrupas? büyük bir do?umun sanc?lar?yla sars?lmaktad?r. ?ncesi ve sonras? diye tarihi ikiye ay?ran ?ifte Devrim (Sanayi ve Frans?z Devrimi) büyük bir zihinsel d?nü?üme yol a?mak üzeredir. Kant’? büyüten, ya da büyüklü?üne ayr?ca de?er katan bir unsur da, onun i?te bu ?a??n insan? olmas?d?r. ?Kant, 1806’daki Jena Sava??n? ve Napoleon i?galinin Alman milleti üzerinde yaratt??? ?ok ve deh?eti g?remeden vefat etse de, Wilhelm von Humboldt gibi e?itim reformcular? arac?l???yla Prusya (genel itibar?yla da Alman) e?itim sistemi i?in ne denli ?nemli bir yol a?t???n? tüm kitap boyunca seziyor gibidir. Bununla birlikte Kant’?nE?itim ?zerine’si, milli dilde ibadet edip, okumay? yazmay? te?vik eden Luhterci gelene?in Pietizmle kendini yenilemi? ve Büyük Frederich taraf?ndan te?vik edilmi? olan e?itim anlay???n?n olgunla?ma ?a??n?n da bir ürünüdür. Bu sebeple, kitab?n tamam?na h?kim olan motif, Ayd?nlanmac? bir “i?sel ?zgürle?im” ve “ruhan? terbiye” aras?nda kurulmas? gereken büyük dengedir. ? ? ?Bu arka plan? dikkate alarak, ?imdi kitaba biraz daha yak?ndan bakabiliriz… E?itim ?zerine, memleketin sayg?n ?evirmenlerinden biri olan Ahmet Aydo?an’?n sunu? ve ?ns?züyle ba?l?yor. ?stü kapal? fakat sitem dolu bir de?erlendirme yaz?s? olan “’Sapere Aude!’ Diye ??kt?k Yola”, Kant’a s?zü teslim etmeden evvel, 30 sayfada, Kant’?n dü?ünce dünyas?ndan ne denli uzakta kald???m?z?n ele?tirisini yap?yor. Bu arada, kitab?n ortaya ??k?? ?yküsüne de 22.sayfada a??klay?c? bir notla yer veriliyor. K?ningsberg ?niversitesi’nde muhtelif zamanlarda verilen dersler i?in haz?rlanan notlardan derlendi?i anla??lan?E?itim ?zerine, modern Türk?e’nin bir felsefe dili olamamas?n?n da etkisiyle, ?e?itli dipnotlar arac?l???yla kavramlar?n ve kelimelerin daha anla??l?r k?l?nd??? bir h?lde okura sunuluyor. ? “?nsan E?itilmesi Gereken Bir Varl?kt?r”: ? ?Kant, dü?üncelerini temellendirdi?i giri? sayfalar?nda insan?n e?itime muhta? ten varl?k oldu?u ger?e?inden hareket ediyor ve insan?n ancak e?itimle insan olabilece?ini dile getiriyor. (s.35) E?itime y?nelik bu yakla??m, Kant’?n idealizm felsefesinin ger?ekle?mesine giden yolu a?an anahtarlardan biri say?labilir.? ? ???NDEK?LER: ? KANT'IN YA?AMI…KANT'A G?RE AYDINLANMA NED?R?AHLAKIN METAF?Z???…KANT VE E??T?M ?ZER?NE….KANT VE TANRIKANT IN ELE?T?REL FELSEFES?KANT’IN ELE?T?REL FELSEFES?NE PLATON VE PARMEN?DES?N KATKILARI Kritisizm Nedir? KANT FELSEFES?N?N TEMEL KAVRAMLARIKANT’IN KURAMSAL METAF?Z?K ELE?T?R?S? HAKKINDAK? D???NCELER?..I. KANT'IN LE?BN?Z- WOLFF VE HUME'UN FELSEFELER?NE Y?NEL?K ELE?T?R?S?II. KANT'TA METAF?Z?K B?LG?N?N OLANA?I: METAF?Z?K OLANAKLI MIDIR?SONU?LARKANT’IN D?NYA YURTTA?LI?I AMACINA Y?NEL?K GENEL B?R TAR?H D???NCES?KANT’?I EBED? BARI?” D???NCES?S?YAS? HAKLARDA TEOR? VE PRAT?K ?L??K?S? ?ZER?NEK?RESELLE?EN SORUNLAR KAR?ISINDA KANT ET???UNUTULMAZ KANT S?ZLER?…..

Cum a fost ?nceputul, de unde ?i de ce a venit Universul la fiin??? Cine a creat, de fapt, via?a pe P?m?nt ?i cum va fi Sf?r?itul? Ce se ?nt?mpl? atunci c?nd murim ?i unde ajungem dup? aceea? ?i, la urma urmei, ce contur trebuie s?-i d?m vie?ii noastre dac? Dumnezeu nu exist?? Miturile ?i speran?ele noastre ofer? r?spunsuri convenabile, dar periculoase, la aceste ?ntreb?ri ?ntruc?t ?ntre?in iluzii care ne sporesc, ?n realitate, angoasa ?i la?itatea. Avem, totu?i, o alternativ?: apelul la metodele ?i descoperirile ?tiin?ei pentru a repune lucrurile ?i problemele ?n contextul din care au fost decupate din ignoran?? sau din r?utate. Despre via?? ?i moarte reabiliteaz? acest tip de demers ?ntr-un periplu scris cu umor, dar ?i cu seriozitate, cu elegan??, dar ?i cu duio?ie.

Publicat? ini?ial, ?n prima edi?ie ?n 1785, cu titlul Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, este una dintre cele mai influente crea?ii din ?ntreaga oper? filosofic? a lui Immanuel Kant ?i, totodat?, un reper ?n istoria filosofiei universale. Lucrarea filosofului german cuprinde o prefa??, trei sec?iuni – Trecerea de la cunoa?terea ra?ional? comun? a moravurilor la aceea filosofic?, Trecerea de la ?n?elepciunea moral? popular? la metafizica moravurilor, Trecerea de la metafizica moravurilor la critica ra?iunii pure practice – ?i o remarc? final?, precedate de nota traduc?torului, Valentin Mure?an. ?n prefa??, Kant pledeaz? pentru o metafizic? a moravurilor ?i discut? despre metodologia pe care a folosit-o. El porne?te de la ?mp?r?irea filosofiei grece?ti ?n fizic?, etic? ?i logic?. ?n prima sec?iune, dup? cum ?i titlul sugereaz?, se face trecerea de la forma cunoa?terii comune privind moravurile la cea filosofic?. El discut?, printre altele, despre voin?a bun? ?i datorie. ?n sec?iunea a doua se aprofundeaz? problema imperativelor. ?n ultima sec?iune, Kant discut? despre voin??, libertate. De fapt, cea de-a treia sec?iune reprezint? punctul de pornire de la care Kant a dezvoltat Critica ra?iunii practice, publicat? ?n 1788.

Despre guvernarea reprezentativ” este o carte plin de surprize i sugestii despre bunele practici ale guvernrii, care nu trebuie s lipseasc din bibliotecile celor preocupai de zona politicii. Volumul de fa a vzut prima dat lumina tiparului n 1861 i reunete principiile la care a lucrat filosoful britanic John Stuart Mill n cea mai mare parte a vieii sale. Aceast lucrare publicat la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea i pstreaz prospeimea i relevana pn astzi, cnd suntem tot mai aproape de a ncheia a doua decad a secolului XXI. n primul rnd, pentru c imagineaz pn n cele mai mici detalii acel model politic pe care l numim democraia reprezentativ”. Winston Churchill spunea despre acesta c este prost, dar e cel mai bun dintre cele pe care le-a inventat omenirea”. John Stuart Mill i descrie organizarea, detaliaz rolul instituiilor, felul n care sunt alei sau numii demnitarii i explic atribuiile fiecruia. Pune n eviden atu-urile, dar i vulnerabilitile guvernrii reprezentative, comparnd-o cu alte sisteme politice din vremea sa. n final, ajunge la o concluzie foarte asemntoare cu cea a premierului britanic din secolul urmtor. Colecia IN NUCE reunete fragmente venic verzi” din cultura omenirii, mpletind discursuri din art, literatur, tiine sociale i religie. Dincolo de renumele autorilor i de valoarea titlurilor pentru fiecare domeniu n parte, acestea sunt pilde ale nelepciunii universale din toate vremurile. De acelasi autor: Utilitarismul

《沉思录》的作者是古罗马帝国皇帝马可?奥勒留。他把一切事情都不看成是恶，认为痛苦和不安仅仅是来自内心，并且可以由自己的内心加以消除。书中记录了他摆脱激情和欲望、希望获得冷静而达观的生活态度，阐述了理性与死亡的关系，分析了个人德行以及个人对社会的责任，同时要求人们常常自省，并付诸行动。

传统《易学》主要分象数易和义理易两派，汉魏以象数为主，自王弼出，义理易大兴，而象数易式微，其说赖唐李鼎祚《周易集解》而得以保存。该书所收主要为汉唐象数易学，以纳甲、卦气、互体、爻变等说解说《周易》，是了解象数易*重要的书。曹元弼则对《周易集解》行补释，虽仍以象数易学为主，而于纳甲、卦气等并不特别看重，着重在互体与爻变，归宿于由乾坤实现既济，持论相对平和，兼具义理，不仅是对《周易集解》的补充之作，更是了解、研究《周易》的上乘之作。

本期为赫西俄德专题，选译了英语学界研究赫西俄德的四篇代表性文章，分别涉及赫西俄德诗歌与自然哲学和政治哲学的关系问题，意图显示赫西俄德的两个世界——自然的世界和正义的世界之间的关系，揭示赫西俄德与古希腊思想的深刻勾连。 “古典作品研究”栏目选译了日本学者斋藤拙堂的《老子辨》和古希腊哲学家埃斯基涅斯的《阿尔喀比亚德》残篇。“思想史发微”则收录研究海德格尔的力作《从“同一者”到“命运”》；“旧文新刊”栏目刊布民国湖南学者郭倬瑩的《四部通論·經部流別》；“评论”收录两篇译文，分别涉及黑格尔和施特劳斯。

本书不仅从伦理道德的角度，而且从哲学、法学、心理学和经济学的角度，对资本主义社会生产关系的各个方面作了探讨。它共分为七部分。在书中，斯密用同情的基本原理来阐释正义、仁慈、克己等一切道德情操产生的根源，说明道德评价的性质、原则以及各种美德的特征，并对各种道德哲学学说进行了介绍和评价，进而揭示出人类社会赖以维系的和谐的发展基础以及人的行为应遵循的一般道德准则。《道德情操论》（1759）是和《国富论》（1776）同样齐名的亚当·斯密的经典传世之作。

本书通过对儒家思想与精神的集中展现，用儒家的智慧来解决当今生活中的具体问题。内容包括做事先做人、自重意识的觉醒、修养“五字诀”、智慧的积累等

柏拉图（Plato）古希腊哲学家、西方哲学的代名词，“苏格拉底式”对话的开创者。他的《对话集》让老师苏格拉底的思想得以流传后世，影响了斯多葛学派等哲学流派。 马可·奥勒留（Marcus Aurelius）既是古罗马帝国皇帝，又是晚期斯多葛学派的代表哲学家。他在政务辛劳之余，与自己内心对话，写下了《沉思录》这部“世界之书”。 蒙田（Michel de Montaigne）法国思想家、散文家，他出身贵族，博览群书，尤其喜爱斯多葛派哲学。他隐居十年，创作不朽的《随笔集》，被誉为“欧洲随笔之父”， 启发了叔本华等后世学者。 叔本华（Arthur Schopenhauer）德国哲学家，开创了非理性主义哲学，创立了唯意志论哲学，毕生致力于思考人类的孤独与幸福，其思想深刻影响了尼采、萨特等人。 尼采（Friedrich Nietzsche）西方现代哲学开创者，一位不融于时代的天才哲人。他是唯意志论哲学的继承者，并承上启下，开存在主义之先河。他曾宣布“上帝已死”，主张重估一切价值。

马可·奥勒留是古罗马的“哲学家皇帝”。在历史上，一世英明且苦修哲学的皇帝，除奥勒留外恐怕没有第二人。他在政务辛劳之余，利用短暂的闲暇，与自己对话，对人生行思考，写下了《沉思录》这本“世界之书”。本书是斯多葛学派的里程碑之作，认为应遵从自然规律过一种自制的生活，回归安宁、平静和理性的心灵状态。时至今日，对生活在巨大压力下、心灵躁动不安的现代人来说，依然是一剂良方。

罗国杰，男，1928年1月生，河南内乡人。现为中国人民大学哲学系教授，博士生导师，中国伦理学名誉会长，曾任国务院学位委员会第二届哲学学科评议级成员，第三、四届哲学学科评议组召集人，中国人民大学副校长等职。主要研究方向为伦理学原理、中国传统伦理、思想品德教育。主要著作有《罗国杰文集》、《以德治国与公民道德建设》、《道德教育与价值导向》、《伦理学》（主编）等。在《人民日报》、《光明日报》、《哲学研究》等报刊杂志上发表论文300多篇。

《沉思录》是古罗马皇帝马克·奥勒留留给世人的伟大著作。书中，奥勒留用一些道德格言和个人思考记录了其身居宫廷和面对乱世的深切感悟，影响和启发了无数人。

相声是人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式，作者透过其通俗易懂的表面，发现了深藏其中的丰富哲理和人生意义，探讨了相声的真正本质；并一步思考了科学与艺术、宗教与道德以及人生价值等重大问题；剖析了当代社会的部分精神现象。作者认为，相声揭露了事物与认识的不对称，世界本质上具有荒谬性，人们只有经常反思、不断追问，才能认识自己，克服精神的陨落。

　　本卷包括：《悲剧的诞生》、《不合时宜的思考》、《1870－1873年遗作》。《悲剧的诞生》一书的独特之处是对古希腊酒神现象的*重视。尼采立足于这种不登大雅之堂的现象，把它当作理解高雅的希腊悲剧、希腊艺术、希腊精神的钥匙，从中提升出一种哲学来。

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